Bronchial asthma is a common respiratory disease, with its incidence increasing yearly and a high disease burden. High-quality clinical practice guidelines and expert consensus can help physicians make more scientific decisions in diagnosis and treatment, improve clinical efficacy, and reduce the waste of resources. The selection and development of high-quality guidance documents are of great significance to the treatment of asthma.

In order to provide a basis and reference for further improvement, as well as updating and developing the higher-quality guidelines, we systematically evaluated the methodological quality of asthmatic guidelines/expert consensus published in China.

We searched the asthmatic guidelines/consensus from CNKI, Wanfang, VIP database, and Full-Text Database of Chinese Medical Journal. The time limitation was from January 1, 2013 to October 20, 2023. The AGREE-China tool was used to evaluate the quality of the guidelines/consensus, summarize and analyze the main recommendations of the included guidelines/consensus.

Fifteen guidelines/consensuses were finally included. Average score rate of each domain of AGREE-China were as follows. Scientific validity/rigor was 33.98%, validity/safety was 38.00%, economy was 20.00%, usability/feasibility was 73.71%, and conflict of interest was 84.00%. The overall quality of 5 guidelines were relatively good. The main recommendations had 3 areas, including diagnosis, treatment (drug therapy and non-drug therapy) , as well as health education and management.

The overall quality of domestic asthmatic guidelines is general. The methodological quality is improving constantly, but further improvement is still needed in the areas of science/rigor and economy.

Type 1 diabetes mellitus in children is progressively younger, and there is a lack of quality standardized studies on specific self-reported outcomes scales for pediatric and adolescent patients.

To evaluate the measurements properties of children's type 1 diabetes-specific self-reported outcomes reports and the methodological quality of related researches based on the Consensus-based Standards for the Selection of Health Measurement Instruments (COSMIN).

CNKI, Wanfang Data, VIP, Medline, Web of Science and Embase were searched for the studies on the development of children's type 1 diabetes-specific self-reported outcomes scales and validation of the measurements properties from inception to March, 2023. Two investigators cross-screened, checked and extracted the data, described and evaluated the included scales and researches by COSMIN list, to finally form the recommendations.

A total of 24 development or validation studies related to 11 children's type 1 diabetes-specific self-reported outcomes scales were included. Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory 3.2 Diabetes Module (PedsQL^TM3.2-DM), MIND Youth Questionnaire (MY-Q), Diabetes Quality of Life for Youths (DQOL-Y), Problem Areas in Diabetes-Teen Version (PAID-Teens), DISABKIDS Diabetes-Specific Module (DSM-10), FinDiab Quality-of-life Questionnaire (FDQL) and the Quality of Life Survey for Children and Adolescents with Diabetes in Chongqing are all recommended as Grade B, while PedsQL^TM3.0-DM, Problem Areas in Diabetes Survey-Pediatric Version (PAID-Peds), Type 1 Diabetes and Life (T1DAL) and ADDQoL-Teen are all recommended as Grade C. At the same time, the measurement properties of the children's type 1 diabetes-specific self-reported outcomes scales were insufficient and the reports were not comprehensive.

The methodological quality and measurement properties of the ratings of children's type 1 diabetes-specific self-reported outcomes scales at home and abroad are mostly grades B and C, which need to be further improved, and some potential scales deserve further study and application.

There are many tools used to measure social capital of the elderly at home and abroad, However, studies evaluating its quality are rarely seen.

This study systematically evaluated the methodological quality and measurement characteristics of these tools, so as to provide reference for the selection of assessment scales.

On July, 2023, we searched studies about the measurement characteristic evaluation of the social capital scales by following database, including CKNI, Wanfang database, VIP database, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, CINAHL. The search time limit was until July 10, 2023. Data were extracted independently by two researchers. Based on the Consensus-Based Standards for the Selection of Health Measurement Instruments (COSMIN) guidelines, the methodological quality and measurement properties of the included measurement tools were evaluated to form final recommendations.

A total of 15 studies were included, comprising 13 social capital assessment tools. These scales include: Social Capital Scale for Older Adults in Nursing Institutions, Health-Related Social Capital Scale for Urban New Migrants, Social Capital Scale for Middle-Aged and Older Adults Social Capital Scale for Older Patients with Chronic Diseases in Rural-to-Urban Resettled Communities, Resource Generator Scale for Rural Older Adults, Social Capital Scale for Community-Dwelling Older Adults, Social Capital Scale for Older Adults, Social Capital Questionnaire (SCQ) , Personal Social Capital Scale (PSCS) , 16-Item Personal Social Capital Scale (PSCS-16) , 8-Item Personal Social Capital Scale (PSCS-8) , Social Capital Scale for Community-Dwelling Older Adults, Onyx and Bullen Social Capital Scale. None of which reported measurement error and responsiveness of the scales. Since there have not gold standard for social capital measurement tools, criteria validity, hypothesis testing for construct validity have not been evaluated. Existing scales lack content validity evaluation, and evaluation methods differ in cross-cultural validity and stability. All off scales were rated as category B recommendations.

The measurement characteristics of social capital scale for elderly in nursing homes was comprehensively, however, its measurement items were set for specific scenarios, the application range is limited. The social capital scale of elderly can be applied to the elderly population, but the measurement characteristics should be further validated in the future.

To improve the quality of pain management in cancer patients, clinical guidelines have been published and revised around the world. Whereas, there are large gaps in evidence-based resources across cancer pain management guidelines, and there is an urgent need for high-quality systematic evaluation of guidelines to bridge the practice gap.

To systematically review the relevant guidelines for treating cancer pain patients, analyze the similarities and differences between the recommendations of each guide, and provide an evidence-based decision reference for clinical practice.

A systematic search of PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, CNKI, Wanfang Data, CBM, BP, SIGN, NGC, Medical Communication, and the websites of relevant societies and industry bodies for guidelines on the management of patients with cancer pain was performed. The search timeframe was from the construction of the database to October 9, 2023. The literature was screened by two investigators according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, and the guidelines were evaluated for quality using the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research & EvaluationⅡ (AGREE Ⅱ) to summarise the recommendations of each guideline related to managing pain in cancer patients.

Seven guidelines were ultimately included, developed for the period 2016-2023, including two from the United States, two from Switzerland, one from Canada, one from Latin America, and one from Japan, all with guideline recommendation level A. The related recommendations were mainly focused on 4 aspects: cancer pain assessment, pharmacological management, non-pharmacological management, and cancer pain education.

The recommendations of the 7 guidelines can provide a new reference for the practice of cancer pain management in China. It is suggested that clinical practitioners should consider the specific conditions of patients and work with multidisciplinary cooperation to truly achieve the "5A" goal of cancer pain management.

China is not only a high-burden country for tuberculosis (TB) but also bears the largest global burden of hepatitis B. The dual prevalence of TB and hepatitis B poses significant challenges, as co-infected patients face higher risks of treatment failure and relapse. A key clinical challenge lies in ensuring the effective implementation of anti-tuberculosis regimens while minimizing the incidence of liver injury and avoiding treatment interruptions caused by hepatic complications. Due to limited clinical research data in this area in China, comprehensive diagnostic and treatment guidelines for pulmonary TB complicated by chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection have yet to be established. Based on this, and referencing relevant domestic and international guidelines and consensus documents, the National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases Jiangxi Branch, Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis organized a panel of experts from various fields including tuberculosis, infectious diseases, hepatology, and pathology to conduct intensive discussions and develop 11 expert consensus recommendations. This consensus aims to provide guidance for standardized diagnosis and treatment as well as scientific management of tuberculosis patients co-infected with HBV.

The rapid advancement of virtual simulation technology has catalyzed transformative changes in clinical practical skills training and assessment. In recent years, extensive research and practical applications leveraging this technology have been conducted both domestically and internationally. To unify, standardize, and promote virtual simulation training and assessment for clinical practice skills and evaluation systems, the Chinese Hospital Association, Committee for Healthcare Simulation has organized a multidisciplinary panel of experts spanning clinical practice, technical development, education, and administrative management. Draw lessons from comprehensive investigation of domestic and foreign technical standards, expert consensus, systematic evaluation, original research and other materials related to medical virtual simulation training and assessment, as well as disease diagnosis and treatment guidelines, management consensus and other literatures, which formulate the Expert Consensus on the Application Technology System Standard of Virtual Simulation for Clinical Practice Skills (hereafter referred to as the Consensus). The Consensus was first drafted and revised, and experts including clinical, technical and management in the field of practical skills training and assessment were invited to review the draft and solicit public opinion through email, virtual meeting and in-person ways. After three rounds of opinion solicitation and expert discussion, the draft was revised to improve the final draft of Consensus. The Consensus was composed of four parts: virtual simulation content design and modeling, management platform interface design, content quality evaluation, data transmission and security. This Consensus was made by fully learning related standards, guidelines, consensus, and clinical research for medical virtual simulation training, as well as comprehensive evaluation opinions from experts, which can provide potential reference for medical colleges, medical or training institutions to carry out virtual simulation training for clinical practice skills.

Emaciation is a clinical manifestation caused by multiple factors, characterized by its complex etiology and wide range of associated diseases, posing significant challenges for healthcare professionals in terms of evaluation and management. Its intrinsic linkage to aging-related comorbidities and the imperative for multidisciplinary collaboration further underscore the necessity and urgency of establishing standardized diagnostic and therapeutic consensus guidelines. This consensus provides a comprehensive overview of the definition, epidemiology, etiology, and pathogenesis of emaciation. It systematically outlines diagnostic approaches, including detailed history-taking, physical examinations, and auxiliary tests. Furthermore, it elaborates on treatment principles and measures, as well as management strategies tailored for specific populations. Emphasis is placed on the importance of community-based management, encompassing follow-up, referral systems, three-level prevention strategies, and health education. The consensus aims to enhance clinicians' capabilities in diagnosing and managing emaciation, improve patients' quality of life, and reduce the healthcare and economic burden on families and society.

Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), one of the common infectious diseases, exhibits increasing morbidity and mortality with age, posing significant clinical challenges. Although Chinese patent medicines (CPMs) demonstrate efficacy in adult CAP treatment, high-quality evidence-based guidelines have been lacking. To address this gap, we organized a multidisciplinary expert panel to develop the Guideline on Treating Community-acquired Pneumonia with Chinese Patent Medicines, adhering to the principles of evidence-based, consensus-supplemented, and experience-referred and following standardized clinical practice guideline development procedures. Through literature review and Delphi questionnaires, six clinical questions were identified. Systematic evidence retrieval and synthesis of the best available evidence were conducted, integrating factors such as evidence quality, patient preferences, value orientations, and resource allocation. After two rounds of Delphi surveys and expert consensus meetings, the guideline was finalized and published in 2023 in Pharmacological Research. This updated edition systematically incorporates recent evidence, adds pharmacoeconomic evaluations and recommendation rationales, and presents 14 recommendations covering nine CPMs, covers 9 kinds of traditional Chinese patent medicines. The guideline has been restructured according to the first edition of reporting checklist for Chinese patent medicine guidelines (RIGHT for CPM) to enhance clinical applicability, accessibility, and operationalizability, thereby promoting the rational use of CPMs in adult CAP treatment.

The speaking valve, a one-way device that restores physiological airflow, provides significant benefits for tracheostomy patients by enhancing phonation, swallowing, airway clearance, and psychological health. It also supports weaning from mechanical ventilation and promotes decannulation. However, inconsistent application in China poses potential risks. To address this, Chinese Association of Medical Rescue, Critical Care Branch, Chinese Medical Education Association, Critical Care Rehabilitation Branch jointly developed an expert consensus on the clinical application of speaking valves. This consensus includes 19 recommendations covering patient eligibility, device selection, operational protocols, adverse event management, and multidisciplinary team training. By emphasizing standardized assessment, timely monitoring, and collaborative practice, it seeks to ensure the safe and effective use of speaking valves in tracheostomy patient rehabilitation.

The incidence of colorectal cancer ranks second among cancers in China and colorectal cancer is also one of the most common malignant tumors in the digestive system. With the development of medical research and technology, the diagnostic and therapeutic strategies of colorectal cancer are continuously evolving. The National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) is closely following the forefront and released the 2024 V1/V2 versions of the NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines for Rectal Cancer on January 29 and April 4, 2024 respectively. The two revisions of the guidelines mainly focus on the latest research progress in molecular detection, immunotherapy, targeted therapy, neoadjuvant therapy and disease surveillance. This article analyzed the key updates of the 2024 V1/V2 NCCN guidelines, aiming to provide a more accurate reference for clinical rectal cancer diagnosis and treatment practice.

In 2022, the United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) published a recommendation statement on Screening for Depression and Suicide Risk in Children and Adolescents: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement in JAMA with an updated evidence report and results of a systematic evaluation (USPSTF statement). The statement suggested screening for major depressive disorder in adolescents aged 12 to 18 years. However, the evidence regarding the risks and benefits of suicide screening for children and adolescents is insufficient, making it challenging to determine its overall impact. This article interprets the content of the USPSTF statement in the context of the national and international literature, including the concepts of major depressive disorder and suicidal behaviours, risk factors, early screening tools, pros and cons of early screening, treatment and interventions, and the value of the USPSTF statement in guiding primary care providers. Intending to serve as a reference for clinical healthcare professionals involved in the screening of children and adolescents for depression and suicide risk.

Cancer patients are often accompanied by serious psychosomatic symptoms such as depression, anxiety, insomnia and pain, which seriously affect the quality of life and prognosis of patients. However, these symptoms are often under-appreciated and poorly treated. At present, the domestic consensus on the management of cancer lacks the content of psychosomatic symptoms. Therefore, this consensus systematically describes the clinical management methods of psychosomatic symptoms related to cancer patients, combining relevant literature and integrating practical management tools. It comprehensively answers the important questions of physician-patient communication, diagnosis and evaluation, psychological intervention, drug treatment, and how to establish the physician-nurse-patient-family alliance of cancer-related psychosomatic symptoms. Aim at raising awareness of cancer-related psychosomatic symptoms among non-psychiatrists, and selecting effective communication, treatment and management of psychosomatic symptoms with the help of psycho-psychological and other multidisciplinary teams.

The 2024.V4 of the NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines for Colon Cancer provides important updates on pathological testing of systemic therapy for colon cancer, dose of chemoradiotherapy, and treatment and management of metastatic colon cancer. Firstly, the guidelines emphasize the importance of genomic testing in the systemic treatment of metastatic colon cancer. Secondly, the dose of chemoradiotherapy and targeted therapeutic targets of locally advanced colon cancer were modified. Finally, the new drug repitinib for the second-line treatment of metastatic colon cancer provides a new option for patients with positive neurotrophic tyrosine receptor kinase (NTRK) gene fusion. In terms of patient management, the importance of general practice to patients' quality of life and psychological support was emphasized. Through the interpretation of the above content, this paper is expected to provide references for the diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of colon cancer, ensure that patients receive timely specialized treatment, and provide references for the precision treatment of colon cancer.

In 2024, the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) has updated three editions of the Clinical Practice Guidelines for Gastric Cancer. These updates encompass multiple crucial areas of diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up monitoring for gastric cancer. It elevates the significance of next-generation sequencing in precision therapy for gastric cancer, refines the limitations for Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) testing and first-line immunotherapy in advanced stages. Adjustments have been made to the preoperative medication cycle for neoadjuvant immunotherapy, a new NTRK-targeted therapy drug was added in the second-line therapy, and a more detailed approach to postoperative monitoring and supplementation for nutritional deficiencies has been introduced. Notably, this version marks the first inclusion of endoscopic treatment pathways for early-stage gastric cancer and diagnostic and treatment pathways for single peritoneal metastasis in advanced gastric cancer. Additionally, it provides a comprehensive elaboration on the application principles of several emerging surgical techniques combined with intraperitoneal treatments. The updated content fully embodies the trend towards precision, personalized, and multidisciplinary treatment. This article will focus on the diagnosis, surgical treatment, systemic treatment, follow-up monitoring and other aspects of the guideline, in order to provide guidance and help for clinical practice.

When insomnia and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) coexist, it is referred to as comorbid insomnia and obstructive sleep apnea (COMISA). The prevalence of COMISA in the general population ranges from 0.6% to 19.3%. It is primarily characterized by difficulty falling asleep, frequent nighttime awakenings, early morning awakening, poor sleep quality, snoring or apnea during sleep, unrefreshing or nonrestorative sleep, excessive daytime sleepiness, fatigue, attention impairment, memory impairment, emotional disorders, and impaired quality of life. COMISA can lead to adverse outcomes in multiple systems and increase all-cause mortality. Therefore, it is significant to establish a guidline for the diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and standardized treatment of COMISA. The guideline was organized by the Chinese Academy Society of Sleep Medicine, Chinese Medical Doctor Association and Sleep Medicine Group, China Neurologist Association. It was formed by reviewing domestic and international COMISA diagnosis and treatment practices, through literature evidence review, and after extensive discussion. The guideline summarized the epidemiology, etiology and risk factors, pathophysiological mechanisms, clinical manifestations, assessment methods, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and treatment studies of COMISA, providing a basis for decision-making in the diagnosis and treatment of COMISA for clinician.

The British and Irish Hypertension Society (BIHS) summarized guidelines from the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), the European Society of Cardiology and the European Society of Hypertension (ESH), and published Adult Hypertension Referral Pathway and Therapeutic Management in the Journal of Human Hypertension on January 9, 2023. Based on the existing evidence and expert opinions, this article focuses on the referral criteria of hypertensive patients and the treatment of patients during the referral waiting period, so as to optimize the management of hypertensive patients by primary doctors. The purpose of this article is to interpret the core points of the consensus statement to provide recommendations for primary care physicians in China on the referral criteria and treatment of hypertensive patients during referral waiting period. In view of the complexity and regionalism of China's primary medical problems, it is still necessary for primary doctors to conduct comprehensive evaluation and practice the clinical practice plan that is most beneficial to patients.

Behavior and lifestyle interventions (BLIs) can reduce blood glucose and blood pressure, regulate blood lipids, control obesity, reduce cardiovas cular events and are a first-line treatment for chronic diseases such as diabetes mellitus. BLIs include helping patients maintain a healthy diet, adhere to physical exercise, maintain a normal weight, ensure good sleep, avoid smoking and alcohol abuse, make good psychological adjustments, establish good social support, as well as scientific self-monitoring of blood glucose and adherence to drug therapy. Except for the severe hyperglycemia and acute complications requiring medication, patients with newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus should first undergo BLIs. BLIs should follow the principles of effectiveness-centered, mutual trust establishment, problem-solving orientation, integration, and individulization. Common strategies for BLIs include applying behavior change theories, utilizing behavior change technologies, effectively emlpoying communication strategies, improving patient behavior skills, and implementing patient-centered self-management education and support (DSMES). The steps of BLIs include evaluating behavior, lifestyle and their influencing factors, setting behavioral goals, developing intervention plans, and conducting interventions and effectiveness evaluation. The evaluation measures for the effectiveness of BLIs include process indicators, clinical outcomes, socio-psychological and behavioral outcomes, patient reports, and health outcomes. Evaluation can be performed using a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods. Common evaluation tools include the SDSCA, PAM, and DMSES.

To enhance the overall health management for patients with gynecologic malignant tumors, and to fully leverage the role of primary healthcare institutions in screening and rehabilitation, the Gynecological Oncology Group of the Oncology Department of Capital Medical University, in collaboration with experts in general medicine, nutrition, psychology, rehabilitation medicine, nursing, and health statistics, has formulated the Expert Consensus on Management of Common Gynecological Malignancies Combining General Practice and Specialist. This consensus, based on evidence from evidence-based medicine, the current status of primary medical institutions, and relevant guidelines for the management of gynecological malignancies, emphasizes the early identification of gynecological malignancies and proactive intervention in related health issues. Community management of patients with common gynecological malignancies should be centered around gynecologists or general practitioners, in collaboration with a multidisciplinary oncology rehabilitation team. The management covers aspects such as prevention, screening, follow-up and referral, psychological counseling, exercise rehabilitation, nutrition management, continuity of care, systematic health education, and social function recovery, aiming to prolong survival and enhance the quality of life for patients.

The incidence of acute poisoning caused by commonly used clinical drugs has been increasing annually, yet specific antidotes are lacking for most drug poisonings. Blood purification plays a crucial role in the treatment of acute poisoning. However, there are currently no unified recommendations in China regarding its application in cases of acute poisoning from commonly used clinical drugs. This consensus centers on pharmacokinetics, summarizing and outlining the strategies for applying blood purification in the treatment of acute poisoning caused by these drugs. Its aim is to assist clinicians in improving their understanding of pharmacokinetic parameters and the corresponding blood purification methods, so that they can select the appropriate blood purification technique and develop suitable treatment plans based on the pharmacokinetic characteristics of the drug involved. Ultimately, this seeks to improve outcomes in treating patients with acute poisoning from commonly used clinical drugs.

Ethnic medicine holds numerous advantages in the treatment of premature ventricular complexes (PVCs). However, there is a concerning trend of abuse of ethnic medicine, particularly in the absence of tailored clinical drug recommendations specifically designed for this purpose. Consequently, it is of crucial importance to standardize the diagnosis and treatment of PVCs within the context of ethnic medicine.

To establish the clinical problems and outcome indicators of the Expert Consensus on Clinical Application of Ethnic Medicine in the Treatment of Palpitation (Arrhythmia-Premature Ventricular Complexes) .

The inquiring experts were members of the consensus expert group, encompassing experts in the fields of cardiology, evidence-based medicine, and pharmacology. Specifically, within cardiology, they comprised multi-ethnic medical experts in traditional Chinese medicine, Tibetan medicine, Mongolian medicine, Uyghur medicine, Dai medicine, Korean medicine, and Zhuang medicine. Drawing from the available literature and expert interview reports, the research team conducted a comprehensive search of relevant literature on the treatment of PVCs using various ethnic medical practices. In April 2023, a series of one-on-one online interviews were conducted with 14 multi-ethnic medical experts. Following the integration of the interview results and expert experiences, the consensus steering committee and working group jointly drafted the initial proposals for clinical questions and outcome indicators, subsequently designing a survey questionnaire. Between May and July 2023, two rounds of questionnaire surveys were conducted, rigorously evaluating the positivity, concentration, coordination, and reliability of the questionnaire responses.

The expert panel was characterized by its multidisciplinary collaboration, authority, and geographical representation. The two rounds of the Delphi method yielded a positive coefficient of 99.1%. For the five background questions, the mean score was greater than 4, with the full scale exceeding 40%. For the ten prospective questions, the mean score was greater than 3.9, with the full scale surpassing 35%. Additionally, the nine outcome indicators achieved a mean score greater than 7, with the full scale exceeding 30%. The mean coefficient of variation for these metrics was 14.9%, 16.3%, and 17.6%. The Kendall harmony coefficients for clinical questions and outcome indicators were 0.267 and 0.316. The chi-square test showed a P-value of less than 0.05. The Cronbach's α coefficients were 0.913 and 0.905, both exceeding 0.7, suggesting high reliability. Overall, the quality control results were satisfactory, indicating a high degree of credibility in the questionnaire design.

Utilizing the Delphi method, we have identified the clinical problems and outcome indicators that need to be addressed in the development of the Expert Consensus on Clinical Application of Ethnic Medicine in the Treatment of Palpitation (Arrhythmia-Premature Ventricular Complexes), laying a solid foundation for the subsequent formulation of the consensus.

Primary care (PC) is a unique clinical specialty and research discipline with its own perspectives and methods. Research in this field uses varied research methods and study designs to investigate myriad topics. The diversity of PC presents challenges for reporting, and despite the proliferation of reporting guidelines, none focuses specifically on the needs of PC. The Consensus Reporting Items for Studies in Primary Care (CRISP) Checklist guides reporting of PC research to include the information needed by the diverse PC community, including practitioners, patients, and communities. CRISP complements current guidelines to enhance the reporting, dissemination, and application of PC research findings and results. Prior CRISP studies documented opportunities to improve research reporting in this field. Our surveys of the international, interdisciplinary, and interprofessional PC community identified essential items to include in PC research reports. A 2-round Delphi study identified a consensus list of items considered necessary. The CRISP Checklist contains 24 items that describe the research team, patients, study participants, health conditions, clinical encounters, care teams, interventions, study measures, settings of care, and implementation of findings/results in PC. Not every item applies to every study design or topic. The CRISP guidelines inform the design and reporting of (1) studies done by PC researchers, (2) studies done by other investigators in PC populations and settings, and (3) studies intended for application in PC practice. Improved reporting of the context of the clinical services and the process of research is critical to interpreting study findings/results and applying them to diverse populations and varied settings in PC.

There were many problems in the methodological theory of the formulation of clinical practice guidelines in in the real world situation, and the lack of consideration of the actual situation leads to the decline of the guidance for the formulation of guidelines. Through an in-depth analysis of the various difficulties related to theory and practice in the formulation of the guidelines, including the deviation between methodological theory and practice in the formulation of guidelinesn, lack of empirical studies of large samples related to guideline development, after the empirical application of methodological theory, the reports of limitations and future research recommendations were insufficient and not standardized. To improve the guidance of future guidelines, our team put forward a number of methodology recommendations, including advocating for empirical research that validates methodological theories, develop large sample empirical research and comparative research, standardize the content and form of reports on limitations and future research recommendations after empirical research, in order to provide reference for guidelines develop methodology researchers and guideline development groups.

Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) is one of the most common complications of pregnancy and one of the leading causes of maternal mortality worldwide. In 2023, the Society of Obstetricians of Australia and New Zealand released the A Summary of the 2023 Society of Obstetric Medicine of Australia and New Zealand Hypertension in Pregnancy Guideline. This article interprets its key contents and proposes suggestions on non-drug intervention measures and refined management processes for HDP in China, in order to provide a new basis for the management of HDP in China.

Primary health governance is a crucial part of the national health governance system and plays a key role in achieving universal health. However, primary health governance currently faces many challenges. The Expert Consensus on Primary Health Governance is led by the Public Health Security and Health Professional Committee of the Public Safety Science and Technology Society, in collaboration with experts from multiple disciplines. The aim of this consensus is to integrate evidence-based scientific evidence, practical wisdom, and experience from multidisciplinary experts in primary health-related fields. This consensus addresses the connotations, significance, objectives, basic principles, system construction elements, capacity building elements, institutional elements, and technical means of primary health governance. It provides scientific, systematic, and operable consensus opinions and suggestions to enhance the level of primary health governance, standardize primary health governance practices, promote the equalization of primary health services, strengthen the cultivation of primary health governance talents, and drive innovation in health governance. This will provide scientific basis and recommendations to support the realization of the "Healthy China 2030".

Doctor-patient communication is one of the core abilities of general practitioners. Dophisticated doctor-patient communication skills are the basis for building a harmonious doctor-patient relationship, and help to improve patients' sense of gain and satisfaction in seeking medical treatment. However, the communication ability of general practitioners in China is generally low, it is necessary to explore a training mode of doctor-patient communication that adapts to China's national conditions and meets the communication needs of general practitioners in China to improve the communication ability between doctors and patients.

To explore the application effect of salon training based on the Calgary-Cambridge Guide in the training of doctor-patient communication ability of resident doctors in standardized training of general practitioners, and to provide reference for the construction of doctor-patient communication training system.

Forty cases of general practitioners in Chengdu Fifth People's Hospital Standardized general practice training from 2019 to 2020 were selected as the research object, and randomly divided into salon group and control group, with 20 cases in each group. Salon group used salon training mode based on Calgary-Cambridge guidelines for doctor-patient communication training, while the control group was set as blank control. Before the training and one week after the training, the standardized patient (SP) model was adopted to clinical reception in the two groups, and the doctor-patient communication evaluation scale (SEGUE) was used to evaluate the level of doctor-patient communication, and the training effects of the two groups were compared.

Finally, 28 cases were included, including 15 cases in the salon group and 13 cases in the control group. After the training, the score of the SEGUE scale of the training doctors in the salon group increased from (11.80±4.36) to (18.07±4.11), and that of the training doctors in the control group increased from (12.15±4.63) to (14.46±3.71). The score of SEGUE scale in Sharon group after training was significantly different from that before training (t=3.250, P< 0.001). There was no significant difference in the score of SEGUE scale between the control group after training and before training (t=2.582, P=0.624). After training, 25 items in the SEGUE scale were analyzed, and the difference between the salon group and the control group was statistically significant (P<0.05). The results of the following five items in the salon group were better than those in the control group: "Establishing personal trust relationship" (93.3% vs. 7.7%) and "Protecting patients' privacy/respecting patients' right to choose" (53.3% vs. 15.4%) in the preparation stage; Understand the patient's stage of "recognizing the patient's efforts, changes and difficulties" (33.3% vs. 23.1%) and "expressing concern and making the patient feel warm/confident" (100.0% vs. 69.2%) ; At the end of the consultation stage, "Ask the patient if there are any other questions to discuss" (66.7% vs. 23.1%) .

Salon training mode based on Calgary-Cambridge guidelines can enhance students' interest and enthusiasm in participating in the training, which has a good training effect on improving the communication ability between doctors and patients, and is worth learning and popularizing.

The rapid development of new technologies such as artificial intelligence and large language models has brought new transformations to clinical medical practice. Both domestically and internationally, research and practical exploration of intelligent general practitioners have begun, but a consensus has yet to be formed. Against this backdrop, experts and scholars from Tsinghua University Vanke School of Public Health, Peking University School of Public Health, Chinese Association of General Practitioners of Chinese Medical Doctor Association and several other domestic institutions collaboratively developed a consensus. The background of these experts spans multiple disciplines, including general medicine, public health, artificial intelligence, and evidence-based medicine. Based on extensive literature review both domestically and internationally and through multiple rounds of expert discussions, the Chinese Expert Consensus on Artificial Intelligent General Practitioner (AIGP) was finally formulated. It includes 17 core consensus concerning the definition, characteristics, applications, challenges and recommendations of AIGP. This consensus aims to provide scientific references to promote the empowerment of general practitioners with intelligent technology and enhance the smart service level of primary healthcare.

Test anxiety disorder is a group of symptoms related to stress caused by tests, exams, evaluations, and others. It is among the severe psychological problems in exams. Long-term test anxiety is likely to cause tension, fear, irritability, depression, and other negative emotions, and it disturbs working memory, attention, and other cognitive abilities and even leads to suicidal ideation. In order to standardize the clinical diagnosis and treatment of test anxiety disorder, under the organization of the Test Anxiety Disorder Collaboration of the Chinese Society of Psychosomatic Medicine, this expert consensus was formulated by 13 experts in the field of psychiatry and psychology. We collaborate and announce the expert consensus based on current research and clinical experience. We hope the consensus can provide clinicians with scientific and comprehensive guidance on test anxiety disorder, including epidemiology, etiology, clinical manifestations, evaluation, and treatment.

Lumbar disc herniation is one of the most common causes of low back pain, and the number of cases has been increasing year by year in recent years. High-quality guidelines can standardize clinical diagnosis and treatment behaviors and improve medical quality, and screening and formulating high-quality guidelines are of great significance for standardizing the clinical practice of lumbar intervertebral disc herniation.

To systematically evaluate the methodological quality of clinical practice guidelines and expert consensus for lumbar intervertebral disc herniation, and to analyze the high-quality guidelines and consensus recommendations, in order to provide reference for the prevention and treatment of lumbar intervertebral disc herniation.

Clinical practice guidelines and expert consensus on lumbar intervertebral disc herniation were searched from the establishment of each database to October 31, 2023. At the same time, Dangdang.com and others were manually searched to obtain the guidelines for lumbar intervertebral disc herniation published in the form of monographs. After the consistency evaluation was passed by two researchers, the methodological quality of the included guidelines and consensus was evaluated using the AGREE Ⅱ tool, and the high-quality guidelines and consensus recommendations were analyzed.

A total of 15 guidelines and consensus were included, and the final recommendation level of 9 guidelines was B (can be recommended after modification), and 6 guidelines and consensus were C (not recommended for the time being). Recommendations mainly include bed rest, medication, surgical treatment, etc.

The methodological quality of the clinical practice guidelines and expert consensus for lumbar intervertebral disc herniation needs to be further improved, and some treatment methods are controversial, and the recommendations of the guidelines need to be further improved and unified to optimize clinical practice.

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is prevalent in the elderly population due to the weakened neuromuscular function of the upper airway and unstable respiratory regulation in the elderly. OSA is a risk factor for a variety of common chronic diseases, and affects cognitive function and multi-system organ function in the elderly. Therefore, it is essential to provide effective therapeutic interventions for OSA in the elderly. The Sleep Medicine Branch of the Chinese Geriatrics Society, as the initiator, organized domestic experts in related fields to repeatedly discuss the operation process, requirements, specific ways and methods of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV) treatment for elderly OSA patients with reference to domestic and international clinical studies, and finally made this expert consensus, which is aimed at standardizing the treatment of NPPV in elderly OSA patients in China to provide a reference.

Clinical practice guidelines can standardize medical behaviors, improve the quality of medical services, rationalize resource allocation, and safeguard the rights of patients. However, all of these are achieved based on the rigorous design, scientific formulation, and standardized reporting of guidelines. With the nation's high attention to the standardization of traditional Chinese medicine, many clinical practice guidelines for traditional Chinese medicine or integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine have been published. Traditional Chinese medicine orthopedics, as a discipline with obvious advantages in specialization in the field of traditional Chinese medicine, is witnessing a rapid increase in the number of clinical practice guidelines, prompting the discipline to gradually move towards standardization, modernization, and internationalization. However, many issues are increasingly emerging in this context, attracting widespread attention from researchers. This article systematically reviews and summarizes the current status and challenges of the development of clinical practice guidelines in orthopedics of traditional Chinese medicine, and proposes targeted strategies. Currently, the development of clinical practice guidelines in orthopedics of traditional Chinese medicine faces many challenges, including inaccurate positioning of clinical problems, a lack of high-quality clinical evidence, insufficient standardization in guideline formulation, a shortage of multidisciplinary talent development, and various issues regarding guideline updating and implementation. In future research, professional societies/associations should strengthen guidance on guideline formulation. Researchers should focus on improving the quality of original research, enhance learning and research in guideline methodology, prioritize guideline updating and adaptation, and promote the dissemination and implementation of guidelines, aiming to develop high-quality guidelines and promote the standardization of orthopedics of traditional Chinese medicine.

Diabetic microvascular disease (DMiVD) is the most common chronic complication of diabetes mellitus, and early identification and effective intervention can significantly improve patients' quality of life and prognosis. The Diabetes and Microcirculation Professional Committee of Chinese Society of Microcirculation and the Primary Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Group of the Chinese Society of Endocrinology have convened experts in the field to revise the Expert Consensus on Screening and Prevention of Diabetic Microvascular Diseases for Primary Care (2024), based on the 2021 edition, considering the latest research advances and the specific needs of primary care. This consensus elaborates the screening methods, comprehensive management and prevention strategies for DMiVD (diabetic retinopathy, diabetic kidney disease, distal symmetric polyneuropathy and diabetic cardiomyopathy), clarifies the graded diagnosis and treatment and referral processes, emphasizes the importance of preventing and treating DMiVD, and offers guidance and recommendations for physicians, particularly primary care physicians and general practitioners. The aim is to reduce the incidence, progression, and disability associated with DMiVD, ultimately lowering morbidity and mortality rates.

The global prevalence of low back pain is gradually increasing, and it is the main cause of disability, sick leave, and unemployment, posing a heavy burden on individuals and society. Assessing the degree of disability in patients with chronic low back pain is crucial for evaluating the efficacy of clinical interventions and clinical epidemiology. The Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ) is currently the main tool for evaluating disability in patients with low back pain, but the applicability of its measurement performance in the Chinese population remains unclear.

To evaluate the applicability of RMDQ in the Chinese population with low back pain and provide evidence for clinical practice and research application.

CNKI, Wanfang Data Knowledge Service Platform, SinoMed, PubMed, Embase and Web of Science were searched from inception to 2023-10-01, to establish a literature base for the performance of the low back pain scale, and then select research on the measurement performance of RMDQ from it. The measurement performance of the RMDQ scale was evaluated according to the COSMIN system evaluation guidelines, and the evidence evaluation level was used to grade the evidence.

A total of six RMDQ documents were included, with insufficient methodological quality for RMDQ content validity and adequate measurement performance. The quality of internal consistency methodology was very good with uncertainty and measurement performance was adequate; the methodological quality of retesting was uncertain, and the measurement performance was sufficient; the methodological quality of measurement error was uncertain, and the measurement performance was sufficient; the methodological quality of criterion validity was uncertain, and the measurement performance was insufficient; hypothesis testing methodological quality was very good with uncertain, and the measurement performance was sufficient and uncertain; the quality of reactivity methodology was very good, with sufficient and insufficient, while the measurement performance was sufficient with insufficient. According to the GRADE evidence quality rating results, there is low quality evidence to prove uncertainty in content validity, and moderate quality evidence to prove sufficient retesting reliability and internal consistency; there is sufficient evidence of low quality to prove the measurement error and reactivity. There is very low quality evidence of insufficient calibration validity when using the Oswestry Dysfunction Index (ODI) and the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) as calibrators; hypothesis testing had moderate quality evidence of uncertainty.

The methodological quality of the RMDQ scale is not high, with acceptable measurement performanceand low quality of evidence, and needs to be used cautiously in clinical practice or trials of low back pain in China. Although there is sufficient evidence of moderate quality to prove the reliability and internal consistency of retesting, the research content and methods are not standardized. In future research, attention should be paid to standardization to more accurately assess its applicability in the Chinese population.

The assessment of psychological resilience can facilitate an understanding of how patients utilize internal and external resources to adapt to adversities, traumas, significant life stressors, and disease treatment. At present, the unity of self-reported scales for assessing the psychological resilience of cancer patients remains controversial. Furthermore, it lacks the integration and standardized evaluation of scale measurement properties, and the selection of evaluation tools lacks evidence-based evidence.

To systematically assess the measurement properties of a psychological resilience evaluation tool for cancer patients and critically examine the study's methodological quality, therefore to provide a reference for healthcare professionals in selecting a high-quality assessment tool.

A systematic search of databases like PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, CNKI, VIP, CBM, and Wanfang Data was conducted for literature related to the evaluation of the measurement properties of the Cancer Psychological Resilience Scale. The search was done within the time frame of the database's creation to 2023-02-14. All identified articles were rated by two independent assessors following the COSMIN guidelines.

Thirteen studies were included, and among the nine cancer psychological resilience tools were the 10-item Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC-10), the Resilience Scale Specific to Cancer (RS-SC), the 10-item Resilience Scale Specific to Cancer (RS-SC-10), the 14-item Resilience Scale (RS-14), the Brief Resilient Coping Scale (BRCS), the SV-RES Resilience Scale (SV-RES), the Ego-Resiliency Scale (ER89-R12), the Pain Resilience Scale (PRS), and the Shift and Persist Questionnaire. All scales—aside from the RS-SC-10, which suggested a "C" because of its poor cross-cultural validity—were rated "B" because of their ambiguous content validity and differing levels of evidence.

This systematic review provides an overview of psychological resilience assessment tools used in cancer patients. The RS-SC stands out as being one of the most robust instruments for measuring psychological resilience in patients. Evidence needs to be generated and used in the clinical setting.

Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) is one of the leading causes of maternal and perinatal mortality worldwide, with increasing incidence and mortality year by year. In 2023, the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) updated the recommendation statement on screening for hypertensive disorders of pregnancy by evaluating the latest research evidence and analyzing the benefits and harms of screening for HDP. The recommendation, compared with the 2017 version, further affirms the importance of blood pressure measurement in screening for HDP, affirms substantial net benefit, and recommends blood pressure measurement throughout pregnancy to screen for HDP. This article explores and analyzes the key points of this recommendation based on the RIGHT statement for introductions and interpretations of guidelines in Chinese (RIGHT for INT) and its implications for guiding general practitioners in China.

Hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and dyslipidemia are collectively referred to as the "three highs", which often coexist in the same individual. It significantly increases the risk of hospitalization, death, and relevant burdens for affected people. It is necessary to jointly control the risk and standardize the treatment of hypertension, T2DM and dyslipidemia. Primary healthcare institutions have become the main battlefield for the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases. Existing clinical evidence provides important insights into the prevention, treatment, and management of the "three highs", although norms, consensus, and guidelines for the co-management of the "three highs" in primary healthcare institutions at domestic and foreign are current not available. Four academic organizations led by Beijing Hypertension Association organized primary healthcare workers and invited experts and scholars from medical fields of cardiovascular diseases, endocrine, pharmacy, and public health services to participate in the consensus. Through widely soliciting clinical practice needs of primary healthcare workers, integrating and evaluating the evidence related to the prevention and treatment of the "three highs" in primary healthcare institutions, the consensus for primary healthcare in the prevention and treatment of the "three highs" including 21 opinions was developed after multiple rounds of discussions, revisions, and voting. The recommended opinions of this consensus aim to improve the awareness and ability of primary healthcare workers in the prevention and treatment of the "three highs", provide scientific strategic support, implement management with primary healthcare characteristics, and lay a solid foundation for comorbidity co-management.

在2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者的综合管理中，运动是生活方式干预的主要形式之一。我国目前仍然缺乏符合中国国情且纳入最新研究证据的T2DM运动治疗指南。为此，国家老年医学中心、中华医学会糖尿病学分会和中国体育科学学会联合组织国内内分泌及代谢病学、运动医学、康复医学、医学营养、老年医学等相关领域专家团队，系统整理了近年来国内外高质量文献，编写了《中国2型糖尿病运动治疗指南（2024版）》，旨在为临床医师、糖尿病教育护士等糖尿病防控人员提供安全、有效的T2DM运动指导。该指南包括T2DM运动治疗的基本原则、急慢性并发症、共患疾病、常用药物、运动时机、运动中血糖监测、运动营养、运动损伤、运动依从性及数字医疗等，共76条推荐意见。该指南具有较强实用性和可操作性，期望能为中国T2DM患者提供科学、规范的运动治疗方案。

Lumbar spinal stenosis is one of the most common causes of low back and leg pain. However, there is a lack of evidence-based guidelines for the treatment of lumbar spinal stenosis with integrated traditional Chinese medicine and western medicine. To standardize the diagnosis and treatment of lumbar spinal stenosis with a combination of traditional Chinese medicine and western medicine, this guideline strictly followed the relevant guiding principles for the development of guidelines both domestically and internationally. A multidisciplinary working group was established. We adopted the GRADE approach to grade the quality of evidence and the strength of recommendation. Finally recommendations on the treatment of lumbar spinal stenosis with integrated traditional Chinese medicine and western medicine were formed, aiming to standardize clinical practice. This guideline is for patients with all degrees of lumbar spinal stenosis.

The innovative integration of treatment and prevention is pivotal for enhancing the healthcare system and advancing Healthy China. Guided by a focus on preventive health policies, it fosters collaboration between treatment and preventive services, ensuring seamless linkage across health promotion, prevention, treatment, rehabilitation, and end-of-life care. Conceptually, this shift involves transitioning from unidirectional intervention to comprehensive health management, from provider-driven to participatory decision-making, and from transient doctor-patient relationships to sustained accountability relationships. Structurally, it emphasizes coordination between medical and public health systems, collaboration among healthcare institutions, and multi-stakeholder governance. Institutionally, it optimizes evaluation, financing, remuneration, and talent development systems while leveraging intelligent means for integration and promoting interoperability across personnel, resources, and information.