中国全科医学 ›› 2023, Vol. 26 ›› Issue (31): 3890-3895.DOI: 10.12114/j.issn.1007-9572.2023.0287

• 论著 • 上一篇    下一篇

中国中老年人体力活动与全因死亡风险的关系:前瞻性队列研究

陈希, 章娟*(), 李霖, 张佳琪, 吴耀丽, 郭慧, 王超群   

  1. 030600 山西省晋中市,山西医科大学管理学院 卫生管理与政策研究中心
  • 收稿日期:2023-03-23 修回日期:2023-07-03 出版日期:2023-11-05 发布日期:2023-07-12
  • 通讯作者: 章娟

  • 作者贡献:陈希进行文章的构思与设计、统计学处理,结果的分析与解释、论文撰写;章娟负责文章的构思与设计,质量控制及审校,并对文章整体负责;李霖、张佳琪进行数据整理;吴耀丽、郭慧、王超群进行论文的修订。

Association between Physical Activity and Risk of All-cause Mortality in Middle-aged and Elderly People in China: a Prospective Cohort Study

CHEN Xi, ZHANG Juan*(), LI Lin, ZHANG Jiaqi, WU Yaoli, GUO Hui, WANG Chaoqun   

  1. School of Management/Health Management and Policy Research Center, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong 030600, China
  • Received:2023-03-23 Revised:2023-07-03 Published:2023-11-05 Online:2023-07-12
  • Contact: ZHANG Juan

摘要: 背景 体力活动不足是21世纪最重要的公共健康问题之一,有研究发现体力活动与死亡存在着关联,体力活动对死亡风险的影响在近年来备受关注,但鲜少有针对不同人群体力活动与全因死亡风险关系的研究报道。目的 探究我国中老年人(≥45岁)人群体力活动与全因死亡风险的关系。方法 基于中国健康与养老追踪调查(CHARLS)2011—2018年数据,于2022-09-10提取2 799名中老年人作为研究对象,收集研究对象的人口学变量、生活方式变量、慢性病患病数量等基线资料,依据国际体力活动问卷(IPAQ)评价研究对象的体力活动水平:低水平体力活动〔<600代谢当量(MET)/周〕、中水平体力活动(600~3 000 MET/周)、高水平体力活动(>3 000 MET/周)。随访日期为2011—2018年,并选取2013年、2015年和2018年的数据进行追踪随访,随访终点事件为全因死亡,根据研究对象的生存状态分为存活组(n=2 424)和全因死亡组(n=375)。采用Cox比例风险回归模型分析中老年人体力活动水平与全因死亡风险的关系,并进行敏感性分析和分层分析。结果 2 799名中老年人随访7年期间全因死亡375例,全因死亡发生率为13.40%。存活组与全因死亡组的体力活动水平、性别、年龄、婚姻状况、教育水平、ADL受限状况、BMI、吸烟情况、饮酒情况及患慢性病数量比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。在调节混杂因素后,多因素Cox比例风险回归分析结果显示,以低水平体力活动为对照,中、高水平体力活动中老年人群的全因死亡风险分别降低43%〔HR=0.57,95%CI(0.44,0.75),P<0.001〕和64%〔HR=0.36,95%CI(0.27,0.48),P<0.001〕。2次敏感性分析结果均显示,与低水平体力活动比较,中、高水平体力活动中老年人群的全因死亡风险降低(P<0.001),表明结果具有稳健性。分层分析结果表明,中水平体力活动可使60~74岁人群全因死亡风险降低50%〔HR=0.50,95%CI(0.33,0.76),P<0.001〕,使BMI正常人群的全因死亡风险降低51%〔HR=0.49,95%CI(0.33,0.73),P<0.001〕;高水平体力活动可使45~59岁和60~74岁人群的全因死亡风险分别降低74%〔HR=0.26,95%CI(0.14,0.47),P<0.001〕、65%〔HR=0.35,95%CI(0.24,0.51),P<0.001〕,以及BMI正常、超重或肥胖人群的全因死亡风险分别降低71%〔HR=0.29,95%CI(0.20,0.43),P<0.001〕、64%〔HR=0.36,95%CI(0.22,0.59),P<0.001〕。结论 中、高水平体力活动均可降低中老年人的全因死亡风险,且高水平体力活动的效果更明显。从降低全因死亡风险的角度考虑,45~59岁和超重肥胖人群适宜选择高水平体力活动;60~74岁和BMI正常人群选择中、高水平体力活动均可受益;≥75岁和偏瘦人群尚未形成有充分证据的明确推荐,根据自身具体情况选择。

关键词: 体力活动, 全因死亡, 中老年人, 中国健康与养老追踪调查, 前瞻性队列研究

Abstract:

Background

Insufficient physical activity is one of the most important public health problems in the 21st century and studies have found an association between physical activity and mortality. The effect of physical activity on mortality risk has attracted much attention in recent years, but few studies have reported the relationship between physical activity and all-cause mortality risk in different populations.

Objective

To explore the relationship between physical activity and all-cause mortality risk in middle-aged and older adults (45 years old and above) in China.

Methods

Based on the data of China Health and Retirement Tracking Survey (CHARLS) from 2011 to 2018, a total of 2 799 middle-aged and older adults from the 2011 baseline population of the CHARLS were selected as the research subjects on September 10, 2022, their baseline data such as demographic variables, lifestyle variables, and number of chronic diseases were collected, and physical activity level was evaluated based on the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) as low level physical activity〔600 metabolic equivalent (MET) /week) 〕, moderate level of physical activity (600-3 000 MET/week), high level of physical activity (3 000 MET/week). The follow-up period was from 2011 to 2018, and data from 2013, 2015 and 2018 were selected for follow-up, with all-cause death as the endpoint event, and the subjects were divided into the survival group (n=2 424) and all-cause death group (n=375) according to their survival status. Cox proportional hazard regression model was used to analyze the relationship between physical activity level and all-cause mortality risk in middle-aged and older adults, sensitivity analysis and stratification analysis were also performed.

Results

During the 7-year follow-up, 375 cases of all-cause death occurred among 2 799 middle-aged and older adults with the incidence of all-cause death of 13.40%. There were statistically significant differences in physical activity level, gender, age, marital status, education level, ADL limitation, BMI, smoking, alcohol consumption and the number of chronic diseases between the survival group and all-cause death group (P<0.05). After adjusting for confounding factors, multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression analysis showed that the risk of all-cause death was reduced by 43%〔HR=0.57, 95%CI (0.44, 0.75), P<0.001〕and 64%〔HR=0.36, 95%CI (0.27, 0.48), P<0.001〕in the middle-aged and older adults with low level of physical activity and high level of physical activity, respectively. The results of both sensitivity analyses showed a reduced risk of all-cause mortality in the middle-aged and older adults with moderate and high levels of physical activity compared with those with low level of physical activity (P<0.001), indicating that the results are robust. Stratified analysis showed that moderate level of physical activity could reduce the risk of all-cause death by 50%〔HR=0.50, 95%CI (0.33, 0.76), P<0.001〕in people aged 60-74 years and 51%〔HR=0.49, 95%CI (0.33, 0.73), P<0.001〕in people with normal BMI. High levels of physical activity were associated with a 74%〔HR=0.26, 95%CI (0.14, 0.47), P<0.001〕 and 65%〔HR=0.35, 95%CI (0.24, 0.51), P<0.001〕lower risk of all-cause death in people aged 45 to 59 and 60 to 74 years, respectively, and a 71%〔HR=0.29, 95%CI (0.20, 0.43), P<0.001〕and 64%〔HR=0.36, 95%CI (0.22, 0.59), P<0.001〕lower risk of all-cause death in people with normal BMI, overweight or obesity.

Conclusion

Both moderate and high levels of physical activity can reduce the risk of all-cause death in middle-aged and older adults, and the effect of high level of physical activity is more obvious. From the perspective of reducing the risk of all-cause death, it is suitable for people aged 45-59 years old, overweight and obese people to choose high level of physical activity. People aged 60-74 years and with normal BMI can benefit from moderate or high levels of physical activity. There is no clear recommendation with sufficient evidence for people aged≥75 years old and lean people, who should make decisions according to their own specific situations.

Key words: Physical exertion, All-cause death, Middle-aged and elderly people, CHARLS, Prospective cohort study