中国全科医学 ›› 2023, Vol. 26 ›› Issue (18): 2195-2202.DOI: 10.12114/j.issn.1007-9572.2022.0796

• 论著 • 上一篇    下一篇

中国46所三级医院成年住院患者压力性损伤流行病学特征及Braden量表预测作用研究

蒋琪霞1,*(), 周济宏2, 陈可塑3, 洪艳燕4, 彭青5, 展颖颖6, 解怡洁7, 孙颖8, 王祖晶9   

  1. 1.210002 江苏省南京市,解放军东部战区总医院烧伤整形科
    2.210001 江苏省南京市中医院美容科
    3.210002 江苏省南京市,南京大学医学院
    4.210001 江苏省南京市中医院护理部
    5.210002 江苏省南京市,解放军东部战区总医院门诊部伤口护理中心
    6.210002 江苏省南京市,解放军东部战区总医院秦淮医疗区门诊部
    7.214062 江苏省无锡市,江南大学附属医院门诊部伤口护理中心
    8.223300 江苏省淮安市第一人民医院伤口造口门诊
    9.215000 江苏省苏州市立医院胃肠外科
  • 收稿日期:2022-08-14 修回日期:2022-12-28 出版日期:2023-06-20 发布日期:2023-02-23
  • 通讯作者: 蒋琪霞

  • 作者贡献:蒋琪霞提出研究思路,设计研究方案,组织实施研究,分析数据,论文起草和修改论文,对论文负责;周济宏、洪艳燕、彭青、展颖颖、解怡洁、孙颖、王祖晶负责研究过程的实施,如各研究中心的调查对象选取、组织护士接受课题组培训和考核、组织收集资料、检查皮肤、判断是否压疮及其分期;陈可塑、解怡洁负责数据收集、核对,建立数据库和查阅、整理相关参考文献。
  • 基金资助:
    2021年度军队保健专项课题(21BJZ38); 上海王正国创伤医学发展基金会课题(WZGF20200101); 2020年度军队卫勤创新专项课题(20WQ027)

Pressure Injuries among Adult Inpatients in 46 Tertiary Hospitals in China: Epidemiological Characteristics and Predictive Value of the Braden Scale

JIANG Qixia1,*(), ZHOU Jihong2, CHEN Kesu3, HONG Yanyan4, PENG Qing5, ZHAN Yingying6, XIE Yijie7, SUN Ying8, WANG Zujing9   

  1. 1. Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Eastern Theater General Hospital, Nanjing 210002, China
    2. Department of Medical Cosmetology, Nanjing Hospital of TCM, Nanjing 210001, China
    3. Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, China
    4. Nursing Department, Nanjing Hospital of TCM, Nanjing 210001, China
    5. Wound Care Center of Outpatient Department, Eastern Theater General Hospital, Nanjing 210002, China
    6. Outpatient Department of Qinhuai Medical Area, Eastern Theater General Hospital, Nanjing 210002, China
    7. Wound Care Center, Outpatient Department, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214062, China
    8. Wound Ostomy Clinic, Huaian First People's Hospital, Huaian 223300, China
    9. Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Suzhou 215000, China
  • Received:2022-08-14 Revised:2022-12-28 Published:2023-06-20 Online:2023-02-23
  • Contact: JIANG Qixia

摘要: 背景 Braden量表是全球公认的有良好信效度的压力性损伤危险预测工具,但因应用人群不同,其最佳预测界值也存有争议。该量表在我国临床应用的预测界值为≤16分,欧美国家多以≤18分为界值,但其在我国住院患者中的预测作用的研究较少。 目的 横断面调研全国13个省/自治区、46所三级医院成年住院患者压力性损伤的流行病学特征,分析Braden量表及其6个分量表预测压力性损伤发生的效能及其最佳界值。 方法 由解放军东部战区总医院负责成立多中心合作研究课题组,在全国公开招募≥500张床位的三甲医院,经过资格审查和签订合作研究双向协议后,共纳入13个省/自治区、46所符合条件的医院作为多中心研究单位,纳入住院时间≥24 h、年龄≥18岁的患者为研究对象。入选护龄≥2年的伤口护理骨干护士作为调研人员,共入选1 060名调研护士。在2021-03-30和2021-05-29,使用专用调查记录表记录患者的一般情况;检查全身皮肤,判断是否发生压力性损伤及分期情况;采用Braden量表(从感知觉、潮湿度、活动能力、移动能力、营养、摩擦和剪切力6个分量表逐项评分)判断压力性损伤的发生危险。绘制受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线,分析Braden量表及其6个分量表预测成年住院患者发生压力性损伤的效能及其最佳界值。 结果 本次调研共获得60 555例有效数据,其中压力性损伤现患率为1.67%(1 010/60 555),医院获得性压力性损伤现患率为0.74%(448/60 555)。男性压力性损伤现患率〔2.08%(677/32 518)〕高于女性〔1.19%(333/28 037)〕(χ2=73.394,P<0.001)。≥80岁和ICU患者压力性损伤现患率最高,分别为5.98%(311/5 198)和10.58%(324/3 061)。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,年龄、性别、血清白蛋白、血红蛋白、失禁类型、卧床、Braden量表总分是成年住院患者发生压力性损伤的影响因素(P<0.05)。Braden量表预测成年住院患者发生压力性损伤的ROC曲线下面积(AUC)为0.95〔95%CI(0.94,0.95)〕,灵敏度和特异度分别为96%和83%,约登指数为0.79,对应的最佳界值为17.50分。Braden量表预测不同科室和年龄患者发生压力性损伤的AUC为0.78~0.97,灵敏度为83%~97%,特异度为61%~91%,约登指数为0.47~0.88,最佳界值为13.5~18.5分。摩擦和剪切力、移动能力和活动能力3个分量表预测成年住院患者压力性损伤发生危险的AUC分别为0.87、0.84、0.80,约登指数分别为0.56、0.56、0.54,最佳界值分别为1.50、2.50、1.50分。 结论 本次调研得出我国13个省/自治区、46所三级医院成年住院患者压力性损伤现患率为1.67%(1 010/60 555),医院获得性压力性损伤现患率为0.74%(448/60 555)。Braden量表适用于我国三级医院住院患者预测压力性损伤发生危险,总分≤18分有更好的预测作用,其中摩擦和剪切力、移动能力和活动能力分量表的预测作用最大,在人员紧张或特殊环境下可采用此3个分量表预测压力性损伤危险,最佳界值的预测作用需在应用中进一步验证。

关键词: 压力性损伤, 医院获得性压力性损伤, Braden量表, 危险评估, 预测作用, 多中心研究

Abstract:

Background

The Braden Scale is a globally recognized pressure injury risk prediction tool with good reliability and validity. However, due to different application populations, its optimal cut-off value is controversial. The optimal cut-off value of the scale in clinical application in China is ≤ 16 points, while most European countries and the US take ≤18 points as the cut-off value. There is insufficient research on the predictive value of the scale in hospitalized patients in China.

Objective

To carry out a cross-sectional study on the epidemiological characteristics of pressure injuries among adult inpatients in 46 tertiary hospitals in 13 provinces/autonomous regions across China, and to examine the predictive values and optimal cut-off values of the Braden Scale and its six subscales.

Methods

Established by the Eastern Theater General Hospital, the research group of this multicenter study publicly recruited 46 eligible grade A tertiary hospitals containing at least 500 beds in 13 provinces/autonomous regions of China as the multicenter research settings after qualification review and signing a bilateral agreement on participating in the research. Adult patients (≥18 years old) with hospitalization time ≥24 hours were included as the patient participants, and senior wound care nurses with at least two years of working experience (n=1 060) were included as investigators. On March 30 and May 29, 2021, the nurses used a special survey record form to record the general situation of the patients, and checked their skin of the whole body to find out if there was a pressure injury, and used the six subscales of the Braden Scale (sensory perception, moisture, activity, mobility, nutrition, friction and shear) to assess the risk of pressure injuries. ROC curves of the scale and its subscales were plotted to assess their predictive values and optimal cut-off values for pressure injuries.

Results

In total, the valid data of 60 555 patients were obtained. The prevalence of pressure injuries, and hospital-acquired pressure injuries was 1.67% (1 010/60 555), and 0.74% (448/60 555), respectively. The prevalence of pressure injuries in males was higher than that of females〔2.08% (677/32 518) vs 1.19% (333/28 037) 〕 (χ2=73.394, P<0.001). And the prevalence of pressure injuries in those hospitalized in the ICU〔10.58% (324/3 061) 〕 and those aged 80 years and over was higher〔5.98% (311/5 198) 〕. Logistic regression analysis showed that age, sex, serum albumin, hemoglobin, incontinence type, bed rest and Braden score were associated with pressure injuries (P<0.05). The area under the ROC curve (AUC) of the Braden Scale for predicting pressure injuries was 0.95〔95%CI (0.94, 0.95) 〕, with 96% sensitivity and 83% specificity, and 0.79 Youden index, as well as its corresponding optimal cut-off value of 17.50 points. In assessing the risk of pressure injuries in patients in different departments and age groups, the AUC of the Braden Scale ranged from 0.78 to 0.97, with a sensitivity ranging from 83% to 97%, a specificity ranging from 61% to 91%, and the Youden index ranged from 0.47 to 0.88, the optimal cut-off value ranged from 13.50 to 18.50 points. The AUC of the friction and shear predicting the risk of pressure injuries was 0.87, with 0.56 as the Youden index, and 1.50 points as its associated optimal cut-off value, and the AUC of mobility was 0.84, with 0.56 as the Youden index, and 2.50 points as its associated optimal cut-off value, and the AUC of activity was 0.80, with 0.54 as the Youden index, and 1.50 points as its associated optimal cut-off value.

Conclusion

The prevalence of pressure injuries, and hospital-acquired pressure injuries among adult inpatients in 46 tertiary hospitals in 13 provinces/autonomous regions across China is 1.67% (1 010/60 555), and 0.74% (448/60 555), respectively. The Braden Scale is applicable to adult inpatients in tertiary hospitals in China. The total score ≤18 points may be the optimal cut-off. Three subscales, namely friction and shear, mobility and activity have higher predictive values. In case of insufficient medical workers or special settings, the three subscales can be used to predict the risk of pressure injury, but their optimal cut-off values still need to be further verified in applications.

Key words: Pressure injury, Hospital acquired pressure injury, Braden Scale, Risk assessment, Predictive value, Multicenter study