中国全科医学 ›› 2025, Vol. 28 ›› Issue (23): 2885-2893.DOI: 10.12114/j.issn.1007-9572.2024.0425

• 论著 • 上一篇    下一篇

维持性血液透析患者认知障碍情况及其影响因素:一项多中心横断面研究

丁梓峻1, 周南男1, 罗星2, 罗洁羽1, 郝文娟1, 张春江1, 金鑫3, 赵丹1,*()   

  1. 1.832000 新疆维吾尔自治区石河子市,石河子大学第一附属医院
    2.832000 新疆维吾尔自治区石河子市,石河子大学医学院生化教研室
    3.832000 新疆维吾尔自治区石河子市人民医院
  • 收稿日期:2024-09-10 修回日期:2024-12-16 出版日期:2025-08-15 发布日期:2025-06-17
  • 通讯作者: 赵丹

  • 作者贡献:

    丁梓峻提出主要研究目标、查阅文献、统计分析、完成论文的撰写及修改,参与现场调查和数据收集;周南男、罗星进行数据的收集与整理,参与统计分析,负责图、表的绘制与展示;罗洁羽、郝文娟参与现场调查、数据收集、问卷录入与整理;张春江、金鑫参与研究设计,技术支持;赵丹负责研究整体设计、质量控制、调查培训、论文的指导和审校,对本文整体负责。

  • 基金资助:
    兵团指导性科技计划项目(2022ZD088); 石河子大学校级课题(ZZZC201944A)

Cognitive Impairment in Patients on Maintenance Hemodialysis and Its Influencing Factors: a Multicenter Cross-sectional Study

DING Zijun1, ZHOU Nannan1, LUO Xing2, LUO Jieyu1, HAO Wenjuan1, ZHANG Chunjiang1, JIN Xin3, ZHAO Dan1,*()   

  1. 1. The First Affiliated Hospital of Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China
    2. Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China
    3. Shihezi People's Hospital, Shihezi 832000, China
  • Received:2024-09-10 Revised:2024-12-16 Published:2025-08-15 Online:2025-06-17
  • Contact: ZHAO Dan

摘要: 背景 了解维持性血液透析(MHD)患者认知障碍的情况及影响因素,可能对提高MHD患者生活质量、减轻家属与社会负担有较大帮助。 目的 调查MHD患者的认知障碍情况,并探究其可能的影响因素。 方法 采用方便抽样法,选取2023年4月—2024年4月在石河子市3家血透中心(包括石河子大学第一附属医院肾病内科、石河子市人民医院肾病内科、朗肾血液透析中心)行MHD的患者。采集患者的人口学特征、认知障碍程度、睡眠情况、独立生活能力、血清α-Klotho、β-Klotho、成纤维细胞生长因子23(FGF-23)水平及其他常见实验室检查指标。以蒙特利尔认知量表(MoCA)评估认知功能,阿森斯失眠量表(AIS-8)评估睡眠情况,功能活动问卷(FAQ)评估独立生活能力,通过ELISA法测定血清α-Klotho、β-Klotho、FGF-23水平,以单因素及多因素Logistic回归分析筛选影响因素,通过受试者工作特征曲线(ROC曲线)验证影响因素对认知障碍的预测价值,并绘制列线图。 结果 共调查MHD患者276例,认知障碍发生率为76.4%(211/276),其中轻度认知障碍患者145例,中度认知障碍患者66例。存在可疑失眠(21.4%)或失眠(25.4%)患者较多。无独立生活能力的患者占14.9%(41/276)。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,年龄(OR=1.038,95%CI=1.004~1.072)、睡眠障碍(OR=1.179,95%CI=1.051~1.322)是MHD患者发生认知障碍的危险因素(P<0.05)。高水平血清α-Klotho(OR=0.996,95%CI=0.994~0.998)、高水平血清β-Klotho(OR=0.750,95%CI=0.661~0.852)、受教育年限长(OR=0.800,95%CI=0.699~0.915)是MHD患者发生认知障碍的保护因素(P<0.05)。ROC曲线下面积(AUC)显示,年龄(AUC=0.732,95%CI=0.667~0.797)、睡眠障碍(AUC=0.710,95%CI=0.638~0.783)、α-Klotho(AUC=0.774,95%CI=0.709~0.839)、β-Klotho(AUC=0.741,95%CI=0.663~0.819)、受教育年限(AUC=0.718,95%CI=0.647~0.789)对于MHD患者认知障碍的发生均具有预测价值。年龄、睡眠障碍、血清α-Klotho、血清β-Klotho、受教育年限联合(P=-0.004×α-Klotho-0.287×β-Klotho+0.370×年龄-0.223×受教育年限+0.165×AIS-8评分+6.658)预测MHD患者发生认知障碍的AUC为0.894(95%CI=0.851~0.937,P<0.001),灵敏度为82.9%,特异度为78.5%。 结论 MHD患者认知障碍发生率较高,占76%左右,且年龄、睡眠障碍、受教育年限、α-Klotho、β-Klotho水平是重要的影响因素。医护人员及患者家属应提高对认知障碍的认识,对重点患者积极开展筛查和干预工作,以改善患者的生活质量,减轻患者的家庭和社会负担。

关键词: 维持性血液透析, 认知障碍, α-Klotho, β-Klotho, 影响因素分析, 多中心研究

Abstract:

Background

Understanding the condition and influencing factors of cognitive impairment in maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients could signficantly enhance their quality of life while alleviating the burden on their families and society.

Objective

TO investigate the status of cognitive impairment in MHD patients and explore the possible influencing factors.

Methods

Using convenience sampling, we selected MHD patients from three hemodialysis centers (including the Department of Nephrology at the First Affiliated Hospital of Shihezi University, the Department of Nephrology at Shihezi People's Hospital, and the Langshen Hemodialysis Center) in Shihezi City between April 2023 and April 2024. We collected data on demographic characteristics, cognitive impairment levels, sleep quality, independent living abilities, serum levels of α-Klotho, β-Klotho, FGF-23, and other common laboratory indicators. Cognitive function was assessed with the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), sleep quality was evaluated with the Athens Insomnia Scale (AIS-8), and independent living ability was assessed using the Functional Activities Questionnaire (FAQ). Serum levels of α-Klotho, β-Klotho, and FGF-23 were measured by the ELISA method. Univariate and multivariate Logistic regression analyses were performed to identify influencing factors, which were validated for their predictive value on cognitive impairment using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. A nomogram was subsequently plotted.

Results

A total of 276 MHD patients were surveyed, revealing a cognitive impairment incidence rate of 76.4% (211/276). Among these, 145 patients had mild cognitive impairment and 66 patients had moderate cognitive impairment. Nearly half of the patients exhibited suspected insomnia (21.4%) or confirmed insomnia (25.4%). Among the patients studied, 14.9% (41 out of 276) lacked the ability to live independently. The multivariate Logistic regression analysis indicated that age (OR=1.038, 95%CI=1.004-1.072) and sleep disorders (OR=1.179, 95%CI=1.051-1.322) were risk factors for cognitive impairment in MHD patients (P<0.05). High serum α-Klotho levels (OR=0.996, 95%CI=0.994-0.998), high serum β-Klotho levels (OR=0.750, 95%CI=0.661-0.852), and higher years of education (OR=0.800, 95%CI=0.699-0.915) were protective factors (P<0.05). The area under the ROC curve (AUC) showed that age (AUC=0.732, 95%CI=0.667-0.797), sleep disorder (AUC=0.710, 95%CI=0.638-0.783), α-Klotho (AUC=0.774, 95%CI=0.709-0.839), β-Klotho (AUC=0.741, 95%CI=0.663-0.819) and years of education (AUC=0.718, 95%CI=0.647-0.789) had predictive value for cognitive impairment in MHD patients. The combination of age, sleep disorder, serum α-Klotho, serum β-Klotho and years of education (P=-0.004×α-Klotho-0.287×β-Klotho+0.370×age-0.223×years of education +0.165×AIS-8 score+6.658) predicted the occurrence of MHD. The AUC of cognitive impairment was 0.894 (95%CI=0.851-0.937, P<0.001), the sensitivity was 82.9%, and the specificity was 78.5%.

Conclusion

The prevalence of cognitive impairment among MHD patients is substantially high, estimated at approximately 76%. Age, sleep disorders, years of education, and levels of α-Klotho and β-Klotho are important influencing factors. Medical staff and patients' families should raise awareness of cognitive impairment, actively screen and intervene in key patients to improve their quality of life and reduce the burden on their families and society.

Key words: Maintenance hemodialysis, Cognitive impairment, α-Klotho, β-Klotho, Root cause analysis, Multicenter research

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