大学新生肥胖与饮食方式的关系研究

doi:10.12114/j.issn.1007-9572.2025.0017

中国全科医学 ›› 2026, Vol. 29 ›› Issue (03): 361-372.DOI: 10.12114/j.issn.1007-9572.2025.0017

• 论著·"体重管理年"专栏·饮食与减重 • 上一篇

大学新生肥胖与饮食方式的关系研究

陈志昕¹^,², 章力², 郭馨月³, 周忠良⁴, 张建端⁵, 徐锦杭⁶, 荣胜忠⁷, 赵莉⁸, 田琦玥⁹, 王素芳¹, 田向阳¹^,²^,^*(), 巩少青¹⁰^,^*()

1．230031　安徽省合肥市，安徽医科大学公共卫生学院营养与食品卫生学系
2．100011　北京市，中国健康教育中心
3．100013　北京市，北京市疾病预防控制中心
4．710049　陕西省西安市，西安交通大学公共政策与管理学院
5．430030　湖北省武汉市，华中科技大学同济医学院公共卫生学院
6．310051　浙江省杭州市，浙江省疾病预防控制中心
7．157011　黑龙江省牡丹江市，牡丹江医科大学
8．610041　四川省成都市，四川大学华西公共卫生学院/四川大学华西第四医院
9．102206　北京市，北京农学院
10．462002　河南省漯河市，漯河医学高等专科学校

收稿日期:2025-03-14 修回日期:2025-06-28 出版日期:2026-01-20 发布日期:2025-12-11
通讯作者: 田向阳, 巩少青
陈志昕和章力为共同第一作者

作者贡献：
陈志昕、章力参与数据清理、统计分析，起草文章；郭馨月参与问卷设计、数据清理、现场调查；周忠良、张建端、徐锦杭、荣胜忠、赵莉、田琦玥、王素芳、巩少青参与现场调查；田向阳参与课题设计、统计分析、论文撰写及论文审阅。
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金资助项目(72374169)

Study on Dietary Factors Associated with Obesity Among University Freshmen

CHEN Zhixin¹^,², ZHANG Li², GUO Xinyue³, ZHOU Zhongliang⁴, ZHANG Jianduan⁵, XU Jinhang⁶, RONG Shengzhong⁷, ZHAO Li⁸, TIAN Qiyue⁹, WANG Sufang¹, TIAN Xiangyang¹^,²^,^*(), GONG Shaoqing¹⁰^,^*()

1. Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230031, China
2. Chinese Center for Health Education, Beijing 100011, China
3. Beijing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100013, China
4. School of Public Policy and Administration, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
5. School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
6. Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China
7. Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang 157011, China
8. Department of Health Policy and Management, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan Univetsity, Chengdu 610041, China
9. University of Agriculture Beijing, Beijing 102206, China
10. Luohe Medical College, Luohe 462002, China

Received:2025-03-14 Revised:2025-06-28 Published:2026-01-20 Online:2025-12-11
Contact: TIAN Xiangyang, GONG Shaoqing
About author:
CHEN Zhixin and ZHANG Li are co-first authors

分享到

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 背景青少年肥胖会导致2型糖尿病、脂肪肝等多种疾病发生，并增加成年后患慢性病的风险。肥胖的发生、发展除与食物种类和进食量有关外，也可能与进食速度、进食时间、早餐频次及夜间进食等进食方式有关，但中国青少年饮食方式与肥胖之间的关联性尚未得到验证。目的探讨大学新生肥胖与饮食方式的关系，为有效预防青少年肥胖提供科学依据。方法按照简单随机抽样方法，在全国抽取7个省份；按照便利抽样原则，在抽到的7个省份选取16所大学；根据整群抽样原则，将样本大学中所有年龄16~19岁的一年级新生作为研究对象。使用自填式电子问卷收集青少年的身高、体重、既往饮食方式等信息。使用SPSS 26.0和R 4.3.3统计软件，对分类资料进行χ2检验、趋势χ2检验及Logistic回归分析。结果共调查16 445名大一新生。其中，男6 710名（40.80%）、女9 735名（59.20%），平均年龄为（18.04±0.75）岁，18岁（9 618名，58.49%）和19岁（4 169名，25.35%）年龄者占比最高，独生子女有5 375名（32.68%）。青少年的总体肥胖率为10.48%（1 723/16 445）。进食速度快很多、稍快、慢很多青少年的肥胖率分别为15.02%（587/3 908）、9.41%（1 029/10 930）、6.66%（107/1 607），肥胖率随进食速度增快而上升（P<0.05）。父母均肥胖的青少年肥胖率高于父母均不肥胖者[18.89%（17/90）比10.10%（1 544/15 293），P<0.05]。父母均肥胖男生和女生的肥胖率比较，差异无统计学意义[16.22%（6/37）比20.75%（11/53），P=0.79]；父母均不肥胖男生的肥胖率高于女生[12.79%（796/6 225）比8.25%（748/9 068），P<0.05]。父亲肥胖而母亲不肥胖青少年的肥胖率为16.06%（88/548），男生肥胖率低于女生[14.29%（38/266）比17.73%（50/282），P<0.05]。母亲肥胖而父亲不肥胖青少年的肥胖率为16.15%（26/161），男生肥胖率高于女生[22.03%（13/59）比12.75%（13/102），P<0.05]。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示，男生[OR（95%CI）=1.46（1.31~1.62）]、低龄[与19岁相比，16岁的OR（95%CI）=1.37（1.08~1.73），17岁的OR（95%CI）=1.27（1.06~1.51）]、进食速度快[与慢很多相比，快很多的OR（95%CI）=2.19（1.76~2.74），稍快的OR（95%CI）=1.42（1.15~1.75）]、早晚餐在家午餐在学校[在学校就餐与之相比的OR（95%CI）=0.86（0.75~0.98）]的青少年更容易发生肥胖。结论性别、年龄、父母是否肥胖、进食速度和进食地点是青少年肥胖的影响因素，男性、低龄、父母肥胖、既往进食速度快、早晚餐在家午餐在学校的青少年更容易肥胖。中国青少年肥胖可能存在X染色体显性交叉遗传现象，但需进一步验证。

关键词: 肥胖, 青少年, 饮食方式, 交叉遗传, 回顾性研究

Abstract:

Backgroud

Adolescent obesity can lead to various diseases such as type 2 diabetes, fatty liver, and dyslipidemia, while increasing the risk of chronic diseases in adulthood. The development of obesity is influenced not only by food types and intake quantity but also by eating behaviors, including eating speed, meal timing, breakfast frequency, and nighttime eating. However, the association between dietary behaviors and obesity among Chinese adolescents remains unvalidated.

Objective

To explore the association between dietary behaviors and adolescent obesity, and to provide scientific evidence for effective obesity prevention strategies.

Methods

A multistage sampling approach was employed: simple random sampling selected 7 provinces nationwide; convenience sampling identified 16 universities within these provinces; cluster sampling included all first-year students aged 16-19 years from the selected universities. Data on current height, weight, and dietary behaviors were collected via self-administered electronic questionnaires. Statistical analyses (chi-square tests and Logistic regression) were performed using SPSS 26.0 and R 4.3.3.

Results

A total of 16 445 freshmen were surveyed, including 6 710 males (40.80%) and 9 735 females (59.20%), with an average age of (18.04±0.75) years. The highest proportions were in the 18 years (9 618 cases, 58.49%) and 19 years (4 169 cases, 25.35%) age groups, and 5 375 (32.68%) were only children. The overall obesity rate among adolescents was 10.48% (1 723/16 445). The obesity rates of adolescents with much faster, slightly faster, and much slower eating speeds were 15.02% (587/3 908), 9.41% (1 029/10 930), and 6.66% (107/1 607), respectively, and the obesity rate increased with the acceleration of eating speed (P<0.05). The obesity rate of adolescents whose parents were both obese was higher than that of those whose parents were both non-obese [18.89% (17/90) vs 10.10% (1 544/15 293), P<0.05]. There was no significant difference in the obesity rate between males and females whose parents were both obese [16.22% (6/37) vs 20.75% (11/53), P=0.79]; the obesity rate of males whose parents were both non-obese was higher than that of females [12.79% (796/6 225) vs 8.25% (748/9 068), P<0.05]. The obesity rate of adolescents whose fathers were obese but mothers were non-obese was 16.06% (88/548), and the obesity rate of males was lower than that of females [14.29% (38/266) vs 17.73% (50/282), P<0.05]. The obesity rate of adolescents whose mothers were obese but fathers were non-obese was 16.15% (26/161), and the obesity rate of males was higher than that of females [22.03% (13/59) vs 12.75% (13/102), P<0.05]. The results of multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that males [OR (95%CI)=1.46 (1.31-1.62)], younger age [compared with 19 years old, OR (95%CI) of 16 years old was 1.37 (1.08-1.73), and OR (95%CI) of 17 years old was 1.27 (1.06-1.51)], much faster [OR (95%CI)=2.19 (1.76-2.74)] and slightly faster eating speeds [OR (95%CI)=1.42 (1.15-1.75)], and having breakfast and dinner at home and lunch at school [with an OR (95%CI)=0.86 (0.75-0.98) compared to those who eat at school] were more likely to be obese.

Conclusion

Key risk factors for adolescent obesity in China include male gender, younger age, parental obesity, fast eating speed, and eating location patterns (e.g., school lunches with home breakfast/dinner). Additionally, a potential X-chromosome dominant cross-inheritance pattern of obesity was observed, though further validation is required.

Key words: Obesity, Adolescent, Dietary patterns, Cross-inheritance, Retrospective study

陈志昕,章力,郭馨月,等. 大学新生肥胖与饮食方式的关系研究[J]. 中国全科医学, 2026, 29(03): 361-372. DOI: 10.12114/j.issn.1007-9572.2025.0017.
CHEN Zhixin,ZHANG Li,GUO Xinyue, et al. Study on Dietary Factors Associated with Obesity Among University Freshmen[J]. Chinese General Practice, 2026, 29(03): 361-372. DOI: 10.12114/j.issn.1007-9572.2025.0017.

图/表 6

参考文献 73

[1]	ESLAM M, ALKHOURI N, VAJRO P, et al. Defining paediatric metabolic(dysfunction)-associated fatty liver disease: an international expert consensus statement[J]. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2021, 6(10): 864-873. DOI: 10.1016/S2468-1253(21)00183-7.
[2]	DANIELS S R, ARNETT D K, ECKEL R H, et al. Overweight in children and adolescents: pathophysiology, consequences, prevention, and treatment[J]. Circulation, 2005, 111(15): 1999-2012. DOI: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000161369.71722.10.
[3]	CIOANA M, DENG J W, NADARAJAH A, et al. The prevalence of obesity among children with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. JAMA Netw Open, 2022, 5(12): e2247186. DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.47186.
[4]	HE Q X, ZHAO L, TONG J S, et al. The impact of obesity epidemic on type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Prim Care Diabetes, 2022, 16(6): 736-744. DOI: 10.1016/j.pcd.2022.09.006.
[5]	KELLY A S, BARLOW S E, RAO G, et al. Severe obesity in children and adolescents: identification, associated health risks, and treatment approaches: a scientific statement from the American heart association[J]. Circulation, 2013, 128(15): 1689-1712. DOI: 10.1161/CIR.0b013e3182a5cfb3.
[6]	AARESTRUP J, BJERREGAARD L G, MEYLE K D, et al. Birthweight, childhood overweight, height and growth and adult cancer risks: a review of studies using the Copenhagen School Health Records Register[J]. Int J Obes, 2020, 44(7): 1546-1560.
[7]	SHARMA V, COLEMAN S, NIXON J, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis estimating the population prevalence of comorbidities in children and adolescents aged 5 to 18 years[J]. Obes Rev, 2019, 20(10): 1341-1349.
[8]	MARCUS C, DANIELSSON P, HAGMAN E. Pediatric obesity-Long-term consequences and effect of weight loss[J]. J Intern Med, 2022, 292(6): 870-891. DOI: 10.1111/joim.13547.
[9]	QASIM A, TURCOTTE M, DE SOUZA R J, et al. On the origin of obesity: identifying the biological, environmental and cultural drivers of genetic risk among human populations[J]. Obes Rev, 2018, 19(2): 121-149. DOI: 10.1111/obr.12625.
[10]	FANG K H, MU M, LIU K, et al. Screen time and childhood overweight/obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Child Care Health Dev, 2019, 45(5): 744-753.
[11]	JEBEILE H, KELLY A S, O'MALLEY G, et al. Obesity in children and adolescents: epidemiology, causes, assessment, and management[J]. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol, 2022, 10(5): 351-365. DOI: 10.1016/S2213-8587(22)00047-X.
[12]	LOBSTEIN T, JACKSON-LEACH R, MOODIE M L, et al. Child and adolescent obesity: part of a bigger picture[J]. Lancet, 2015, 385(9986): 2510-2520.
[13]	FAROOQ A, MARTIN A, JANSSEN X, et al. Longitudinal changes in moderate-to-vigorous-intensity physical activity in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Obes Rev, 2020, 21(1): e12953. DOI: 10.1111/obr.12953.
[14]	ISLAM A N M S, SULTANA H, NAZMUL HASSAN REFAT M, et al. The global burden of overweight-obesity and its association with economic status, benefiting from STEPs survey of WHO member states: a meta-analysis[J]. Prev Med Rep, 2024, 46: 102882.
[15]	JAKOBSEN D D, BRADER L, BRUUN J M. Association between food, beverages and overweight/obesity in children and adolescents-a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies[J]. Nutrients, 2023, 15(3): 764.
[16]	YOUS F, ZAABAR S, AOUN O, et al. Comparative mapping approach of energy intake and expenditure of obesity prevalence among school adolescents[J]. Clin Nutr ESPEN, 2021, 43: 397-407. DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2021.03.017.
[17]	FANG K H, LIU H, ZHAI B Z, et al. Association between eating rate and childhood overweight/obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. J Trop Pediatr, 2024, 70(6): fmae040. DOI: 10.1093/tropej/fmae040.
[18]	MCHILL A W, PHILLIPS A J, CZEISLER C A, et al. Later circadian timing of food intake is associated with increased body fat[J]. Am J Clin Nutr, 2017, 106(5): 1213-1219. DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.117.161588.
[19]	DUBOIS L, FARMER A, GIRARD M, et al. Problem eating behaviors related to social factors and body weight in preschool children: a longitudinal study[J]. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act, 2007, 4: 9. DOI: 10.1186/1479-5868-4-9.
[20]	ZHANG X Y, LIU J Y, NI Y Y, et al. Global prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. JAMA Pediatr, 2024, 178(8): 800-813. DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2024.1576.
[21]	OCHIAI H, SHIRASAWA T, OHTSU T, et al. Eating behaviors and overweight among adolescents: a population-based survey in Japan[J]. J Obes, 2013, 2013: 717942. DOI: 10.1155/2013/717942.
[22]	LIN M, PAN L P, TANG L X, et al. Association of eating speed and energy intake of main meals with overweight in Chinese pre-school children[J]. Public Health Nutr, 2014, 17(9): 2029-2036. DOI: 10.1017/S1368980013002176.
[23]	FORKERT E C O, MORAES A C F, CARVALHO H B, et al. Skipping breakfast is associated with adiposity markers especially when sleep time is adequate in adolescents[J]. Sci Rep, 2019, 9(1): 6380. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42859-7.
[24]	VILJAKAINEN J, FIGUEIREDO R A O, VILJAKAINEN H, et al. Eating habits and weight status in Finnish adolescents[J]. Public Health Nutr, 2019, 22(14): 2617-2624.
[25]	SEDIBE M H, PISA P T, FEELEY A B, et al. Dietary habits and eating practices and their association with overweight and obesity in rural and urban black South African adolescents[J]. Nutrients, 2018, 10(2): 145. DOI: 10.3390/nu10020145.
[26]	ZENG X, CAI L, MA J, et al. Eating fast is positively associated with general and abdominal obesity among Chinese children: a national survey[J]. Sci Rep, 2018, 8(1): 14362. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32498-9.
[27]	国家卫生和计划生育委员会. 学龄儿童青少年超重与肥胖筛查: WS/T 586-2018[S]. 北京: 中国标准出版社, 2018.
[28]	国家卫生和计划生育委员会. 学龄儿童青少年营养不良筛查: WS/T 456-2014[S/OL]. (2014-07-04)[2024-05-01].
[29]	ZENG X, CAI L, MA J, et al. Eating fast is positively associated with general and abdominal obesity among Chinese children: a national survey[J]. Sci Rep, 2018, 8(1): 14362. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32498-9.
[30]	World Health Organization. Noncommunicable diseases: risk factors[EB/OL]. (2022-05-18)[2024-11-18].
[31]	ISASI C R, WHIFFEN A, CAMPBELL E, et al. High prevalence of obesity among inner-city adolescent boys in the Bronx, New York: forgetting our boys[J]. Prev Chronic Dis, 2011, 8(1): 23.
[32]	MYERS C A, SLACK T, MARTIN C K, et al. Regional disparities in obesity prevalence in the United States: a spatial regime analysis[J]. Obesity, 2015, 23(2): 481-487. DOI: 10.1002/oby.20963.
[33]	SWEETING H N. Gendered dimensions of obesity in childhood and adolescence[J]. Nutr J, 2008, 7: 1. DOI: 10.1186/1475-2891-7-1.
[34]	PETRILLI C M, JONES S A, YANG J, et al. Factors associated with hospital admission and critical illness among 5 279 people with coronavirus disease 2019 in New York City: prospective cohort study[J]. BMJ, 2020, 369: m1966. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.m1966.
[35]	LI M, XUE H, WANG W, et al. Increased obesity risks for being an only child in China: findings from a nationally representative study of 19 487 children[J]. Public Health, 2017, 153: 44-51. DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2017.07.002.
[36]	SEMENOVA E, GUO A, LIANG H, et al. The expanding landscape of genetic causes of obesity[J]. Pediatr Res, 2025, 97: 1358-1369. DOI: 10.1038/s41390-024-03780-6.
[37]	ZHANG J, XU P, LIU F. One-child policy and childhood obesity[J]. China Econ Rev, 2020, 59: 100938.
[38]	TREUTH M S, BUTTE N F, ELLIS K J, et al. Familial resemblance of body composition in prepubertal girls and their biological parents[J]. Am J Clin Nutr, 2001, 74(4): 529-533. DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/74.4.529.
[39]	MOON R J, D'ANGELO S, HOLROYD C R, et al. Parent-offspring associations in body composition: findings from the southampton women's survey prospective cohort study[J]. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2023, 108(9): e726-e733.
[40]	REUE K. Sex differences in obesity: X chromosome dosage as a risk factor for increased food intake, adiposity and co-morbidities[J]. Physiol Behav, 2017, 176: 174-182.
[41]	LINK J C, CHEN X Q, ARNOLD A P, et al. Metabolic impact of sex chromosomes[J]. Adipocyte, 2013, 2(2): 74-79.
[42]	LI Y X, CACCIOTTOLO T M, YIN N, et al. Loss of transient receptor potential channel 5 causes obesity and postpartum depression[J]. Cell, 2024, 187(16): 4176-4192.e17. DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2024.06.001.
[43]	LIU Y H, CHEN H J, LIANG L, et al. Parent-child resemblance in weight status and its correlates in the United States[J]. PLoS One, 2013, 8(6): e65361. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065361.
[44]	BJUNE J I, STRØMLAND P P, JERSIN R Å, et al. Metabolic and epigenetic regulation by estrogen in adipocytes[J]. Front Endocrinol, 2022, 13: 828780.
[45]	ARIS I M, BERNARD J Y, CHEN L W, et al. Modifiable risk factors in the first 1000 days for subsequent risk of childhood overweight in an Asian cohort: significance of parental overweight status[J]. Int J Obes, 2018, 42(1): 44-51.
[46]	HARVEY N C, POOLE J R, JAVAID M K, et al. Parental determinants of neonatal body composition[J]. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2007, 92(2): 523-526. DOI: 10.1210/jc.2006-0456.
[47]	ARGYRAKOPOULOU G, SIMATI S, DIMITRIADIS G, et al. How important is eating rate in the physiological response to food intake, control of body weight, and glycemia?[J]. Nutrients, 2020, 12(6): 1734. DOI: 10.3390/nu12061734.
[48]	TEO P S, VAN DAM R M, WHITTON C, et al. Association between self-reported eating rate, energy intake, and cardiovascular risk factors in a multi-ethnic Asian population[J]. Nutrients, 2020, 12(4): 1080. DOI: 10.3390/nu12041080.
[49]	KOKKINOS A, LE ROUX C W, ALEXIADOU K, et al. Eating slowly increases the postprandial response of the anorexigenic gut hormones, peptide YY and glucagon-like peptide-1[J]. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2010, 95(1): 333-337.
[50]	HAWTON K, FERRIDAY D, ROGERS P, et al. Slow down: behavioural and physiological effects of reducing eating rate[J]. Nutrients, 2018, 11(1): 50. DOI: 10.3390/nu11010050.
[51]	PHILIP KARL J, YOUNG A J, ROOD J C, et al. Independent and combined effects of eating rate and energy density on energy intake, appetite, and gut hormones[J]. Obesity, 2013, 21(3): e244-e252. DOI: 10.1002/oby.20075.
[52]	FAGERBERG P, CHARMANDARI E, DIOU C, et al. Fast eating is associated with increased BMI among high-school students[J]. Nutrients, 2021, 13(3): 880. DOI: 10.3390/nu13030880.
[53]	SALAZAR VÁZQUEZ B Y, SALAZAR VÁZQUEZ M A, GUTIÉRREZ G L, et al. Control of overweight and obesity in childhood through education in meal time habits. The'good manners for a healthy future’programme[J]. Pediatr Obes, 2016, 11(6): 484-490. DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.12091.
[54]	FORD A L, BERGH C, SÖDERSTEN P, et al. Treatment of childhood obesity by retraining eating behaviour: randomised controlled trial[J]. BMJ, 2009, 340: b5388.
[55]	LI L, YANG T T, XU P P, et al. Study on breakfast consumption of children aged from 6-17 in China in 2010-2012[J]. Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi, 2017, 51(6): 523-526.
[56]	WANG S, SCHWARTZ M B, SHEBL F M, et al. School breakfast and body mass index: a longitudinal observational study of middle school students[J]. Pediatr Obes, 2017, 12(3): 213-220.
[57]	SANDERCOCK G H, VOSS C, DYE L. Associations between habitual school-day breakfast consumption, body mass index, physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness in English schoolchildren[J]. Eur J Clin Nutr, 2010, 64(10): 1086-1092. DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2010.145.
[58]	ROLLAND-CACHERA M F, THIBAULT H, SOUBERBIELLE J C, et al. Massive obesity in adolescents: dietary interventions and behaviours associated with weight regain at 2 years follow-up[J]. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord, 2004, 28(4): 514-519.
[59]	ARDESHIRLARIJANI E, NAMAZI N, JABBARI M, et al. The link between breakfast skipping and overweigh/obesity in children and adolescents: a meta-analysis of observational studies[J]. J Diabetes Metab Disord, 2019, 18(2): 657-664.
[60]	JAKUBOWICZ D, WAINSTEIN J, LANDAU Z, et al. Influences of breakfast on clock gene expression and postprandial glycemia in healthy individuals and individuals with diabetes: a randomized clinical trial[J]. Diabetes Care, 2017, 40(11): 1573-1579.
[61]	OSTACHOWSKA-GASIOR A, PIWOWAR M, KWIATKOWSKI J, et al. Breakfast and other meal consumption in adolescents from southern Poland[J]. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2016, 13(5): 453. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13050453.
[62]	SANTIAGO A M, CLEGG D J, ROUTH V H. Estrogens modulate ventrolateral ventromedial hypothalamic glucose-inhibited neurons[J]. Mol Metab, 2016, 5(10): 823-833.
[63]	KIM Y, SON K, KIM J, et al. Associations between school lunch and obesity in Korean children and adolescents based on the Korea national health and nutrition examination survey 2017-2019 data: a cross-sectional study[J]. Nutrients, 2023, 15(3): 698.
[64]	MURILLO M, AKINSOLA O, SAVOIE-ROSKOS M R, et al. Exploring childhood and adolescent obesity: a systematic review of parental influence in the home food environment[J]. J Nutr Educ Behav, 2024, 56(8): s41. DOI: 10.1016/j.jneb.2024.05.096.
[65]	NGA V T, DUNG V N T, CHU D T, et al. School education and childhood obesity: a systemic review[J]. Diabetes Metab Syndr, 2019, 13(4): 2495-2501. DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2019.07.014.
[66]	DAVIS R, ROGERS M, COATES A M, et al. The impact of meal timing on risk of weight gain and development of obesity: a review of the current evidence and opportunities for dietary intervention[J]. Curr Diab Rep, 2022, 22(4): 147-155.
[67]	SPIEGEL K, TASALI E, PENEV P, et al. Brief communication: sleep curtailment in healthy young men is associated with decreased leptin levels, elevated ghrelin levels, and increased hunger and appetite[J]. Ann Intern Med, 2004, 141(11): 846-850.
[68]	FUKUDA Y, MORITA T. Effects of the light-dark cycle on diurnal rhythms of diet-induced thermogenesis in humans[J]. Chronobiol Int, 2017, 34(10): 1465-1472.
[69]	ROMON M, EDME J L, BOULENGUEZ C, et al. Circadian variation of diet-induced thermogenesis[J]. Am J Clin Nutr, 1993, 57(4): 476-480. DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/57.4.476.
[70]	BO S, FADDA M, CASTIGLIONE A, et al. Is the timing of caloric intake associated with variation in diet-induced thermogenesis and in the metabolic pattern? A randomized cross-over study[J]. Int J Obes, 2015, 39(12): 1689-1695.
[71]	GÓROWSKA-KOWOLIK K, CHOBOT A. The role of gut micorbiome in obesity and diabetes[J]. World J Pediatr, 2019, 15(4): 332-340. DOI: 10.1007/s12519-019-00267-x.
[72]	MCCUEN-WURST C, RUGGIERI M, ALLISON K C. Disordered eating and obesity: associations between binge-eating disorder, night-eating syndrome, and weight-related comorbidities[J]. Ann N Y Acad Sci, 2018, 1411(1): 96-105.
[73]	MORRIS C J, GARCIA J I, MYERS S, et al. The human circadian system has a dominating role in causing the morning/evening difference in diet-induced thermogenesis[J]. Obesity, 2015, 23(10): 2053-2058. DOI: 10.1002/oby.21189.

项目	例数	肥胖	χ²（χ²_趋势）值	P值
性别			78.00	<0.001
男	6 710	874（13.02）
女	9 735	849（8.72）
年龄			12.32	<0.001
16岁①	829	105（12.67）
17岁②	1 829	224（12.25）
18岁③	9 618	961（9.99）^bc
19岁④	4 169	433（10.39）^bc
是否独生子女			2.54	0.072
是	5 375	593（11.22）
否	11 070	1 130（10.21）
父亲文化程度			0.71	0.895
初中及以下	7 760	820（10.57）
高中/中专	4 734	487（10.29）
大专/本科	3 579	373（10.42）
硕士研究生及以上	372	43（11.56）
母亲文化程度			3.25	0.378
初中及以下	8 566	878（10.25）
高中/中专	4 415	485（10.99）
大专/本科	3 196	326（10.20）
硕士研究生及以上	268	34（12.69）
父亲体重情况			78.61	<0.001
偏瘦①	1 449	117（8.07）
正常②	11 604	1 107（9.54）
超重③	2 465	356（14.44）
肥胖④	643	105（16.33）^de
不清楚⑤	284	38（13.38）
母亲体重情况			51.70	<0.001
偏瘦①	1 289	130（10.09）
正常②	13 313	1 300（9.76）
超重③	1 368	212（15.50）
肥胖④	256	45（17.58）^de
不清楚⑤	219	36（16.44）
就餐地点			4.55	0.097
在家	3 099	336（10.84）
在学校	10 099	1 019（10.09）
早晚餐在家午餐在学校	3 247	368（11.33）
进食速度			118.84^a	<0.001
快很多①	3 908	587（15.02）
稍快②	10 930	1 029（9.41）
慢很多③	1 607	107（6.66）
早餐频次			21.95	<0.001
每天①	7 826	787（10.06）
经常②	5 547	542（9.77）
偶尔③	2 305	301（13.06）^bc
从不/很少④	767	93（12.13）^c
夜间进食			2.36	0.616
每天	1 026	102（9.94）
经常	4 288	448（10.45）
偶尔	7 763	839（10.81）
从不/很少	3 368	334（9.92）

项目	例数	肥胖	χ²（χ²_趋势）值	P值
性别			78.00	<0.001
男	6 710	874（13.02）
女	9 735	849（8.72）
年龄			12.32	<0.001
16岁①	829	105（12.67）
17岁②	1 829	224（12.25）
18岁③	9 618	961（9.99）^bc
19岁④	4 169	433（10.39）^bc
是否独生子女			2.54	0.072
是	5 375	593（11.22）
否	11 070	1 130（10.21）
父亲文化程度			0.71	0.895
初中及以下	7 760	820（10.57）
高中/中专	4 734	487（10.29）
大专/本科	3 579	373（10.42）
硕士研究生及以上	372	43（11.56）
母亲文化程度			3.25	0.378
初中及以下	8 566	878（10.25）
高中/中专	4 415	485（10.99）
大专/本科	3 196	326（10.20）
硕士研究生及以上	268	34（12.69）
父亲体重情况			78.61	<0.001
偏瘦①	1 449	117（8.07）
正常②	11 604	1 107（9.54）
超重③	2 465	356（14.44）
肥胖④	643	105（16.33）^de
不清楚⑤	284	38（13.38）
母亲体重情况			51.70	<0.001
偏瘦①	1 289	130（10.09）
正常②	13 313	1 300（9.76）
超重③	1 368	212（15.50）
肥胖④	256	45（17.58）^de
不清楚⑤	219	36（16.44）
就餐地点			4.55	0.097
在家	3 099	336（10.84）
在学校	10 099	1 019（10.09）
早晚餐在家午餐在学校	3 247	368（11.33）
进食速度			118.84^a	<0.001
快很多①	3 908	587（15.02）
稍快②	10 930	1 029（9.41）
慢很多③	1 607	107（6.66）
早餐频次			21.95	<0.001
每天①	7 826	787（10.06）
经常②	5 547	542（9.77）
偶尔③	2 305	301（13.06）^bc
从不/很少④	767	93（12.13）^c
夜间进食			2.36	0.616
每天	1 026	102（9.94）
经常	4 288	448（10.45）
偶尔	7 763	839（10.81）
从不/很少	3 368	334（9.92）

自变量	B	SE	Wald χ²值	P值	OR值	95%CI
性别（以女为参照）
男	0.38	0.05	48.93	0.01	1.46	1.31~1.62
年龄（以19岁为参照）			18.41	0.01
16岁	0.31	0.12	6.68	0.01	1.37	1.08~1.73
17岁	0.24	0.09	6.83	0.01	1.27	1.06~1.51
18岁	-0.04	0.06	0.37	0.55	0.96	0.85~1.09
是否独生子女（以否为参照）
是	0.04	0.06	0.53	0.47	1.04	0.93~1.17
父亲文化程度（以硕士研究生及以上为参照）			1.73	0.63
初中及以下	0.02	0.23	0.01	0.92	1.02	0.66~1.59
高中/中专	-0.07	0.22	0.09	0.77	0.94	0.61~1.45
大专/本科	-0.07	0.21	0.09	0.76	0.94	0.62~1.42
母亲文化程度（以硕士研究生及以上为参照）			3.22	0.36
初中及以下	-0.11	0.26	0.19	0.67	0.89	0.54~1.49
高中/中专	-0.01	0.26	0.00	0.98	0.99	0.60~1.65
大专/本科	-0.12	0.25	0.25	0.62	0.88	0.54~1.44
父亲体重情况（以肥胖为参照）			48.23	0.01
偏瘦	-0.68	0.15	21.04	0.01	0.51	0.38~0.68
正常	-0.46	0.12	15.50	0.01	0.63	0.50~0.79
超重	-0.11	0.13	0.70	0.40	0.90	0.70~1.15
母亲体重情况（以肥胖为参照）			32.52	0.01
偏瘦	-0.43	0.20	4.59	0.03	0.65	0.44~0.96
正常	-0.47	0.18	6.88	0.01	0.63	0.44~0.89
超重	-0.03	0.19	0.03	0.87	0.97	0.67~1.41
进食速度（以慢很多为参照）			78.24	0.01
快很多	0.79	0.11	48.38	0.01	2.19	1.76~2.74
稍快	0.35	0.11	10.49	0.01	1.42	1.15~1.75
就餐地点（以早晚餐在家午餐在学校为参照）			5.17	0.07
在家	-0.07	0.08	0.79	0.38	0.93	0.79~1.09
在学校	-0.15	0.07	4.91	0.03	0.86	0.75~0.98
早餐频次（以从不/很少为参照）			23.33	0.01
每天	-0.23	0.12	3.59	0.06	0.80	0.63~1.01
经常	-0.20	0.12	2.67	0.10	0.82	0.64~1.04
偶尔	0.11	0.13	0.70	0.40	1.12	0.86~1.44
夜间进食（以从不/很少为参照）			3.54	0.32
每天	-0.14	0.12	1.24	0.27	0.87	0.69~1.11
经常	0.01	0.08	0.02	0.88	1.01	0.87~1.18
偶尔	0.06	0.07	0.82	0.37	1.07	0.93~1.22

自变量	B	SE	Wald χ²值	P值	OR值	95%CI
性别（以女为参照）
男	0.38	0.05	48.93	0.01	1.46	1.31~1.62
年龄（以19岁为参照）			18.41	0.01
16岁	0.31	0.12	6.68	0.01	1.37	1.08~1.73
17岁	0.24	0.09	6.83	0.01	1.27	1.06~1.51
18岁	-0.04	0.06	0.37	0.55	0.96	0.85~1.09
是否独生子女（以否为参照）
是	0.04	0.06	0.53	0.47	1.04	0.93~1.17
父亲文化程度（以硕士研究生及以上为参照）			1.73	0.63
初中及以下	0.02	0.23	0.01	0.92	1.02	0.66~1.59
高中/中专	-0.07	0.22	0.09	0.77	0.94	0.61~1.45
大专/本科	-0.07	0.21	0.09	0.76	0.94	0.62~1.42
母亲文化程度（以硕士研究生及以上为参照）			3.22	0.36
初中及以下	-0.11	0.26	0.19	0.67	0.89	0.54~1.49
高中/中专	-0.01	0.26	0.00	0.98	0.99	0.60~1.65
大专/本科	-0.12	0.25	0.25	0.62	0.88	0.54~1.44
父亲体重情况（以肥胖为参照）			48.23	0.01
偏瘦	-0.68	0.15	21.04	0.01	0.51	0.38~0.68
正常	-0.46	0.12	15.50	0.01	0.63	0.50~0.79
超重	-0.11	0.13	0.70	0.40	0.90	0.70~1.15
母亲体重情况（以肥胖为参照）			32.52	0.01
偏瘦	-0.43	0.20	4.59	0.03	0.65	0.44~0.96
正常	-0.47	0.18	6.88	0.01	0.63	0.44~0.89
超重	-0.03	0.19	0.03	0.87	0.97	0.67~1.41
进食速度（以慢很多为参照）			78.24	0.01
快很多	0.79	0.11	48.38	0.01	2.19	1.76~2.74
稍快	0.35	0.11	10.49	0.01	1.42	1.15~1.75
就餐地点（以早晚餐在家午餐在学校为参照）			5.17	0.07
在家	-0.07	0.08	0.79	0.38	0.93	0.79~1.09
在学校	-0.15	0.07	4.91	0.03	0.86	0.75~0.98
早餐频次（以从不/很少为参照）			23.33	0.01
每天	-0.23	0.12	3.59	0.06	0.80	0.63~1.01
经常	-0.20	0.12	2.67	0.10	0.82	0.64~1.04
偶尔	0.11	0.13	0.70	0.40	1.12	0.86~1.44
夜间进食（以从不/很少为参照）			3.54	0.32
每天	-0.14	0.12	1.24	0.27	0.87	0.69~1.11
经常	0.01	0.08	0.02	0.88	1.01	0.87~1.18
偶尔	0.06	0.07	0.82	0.37	1.07	0.93~1.22

自变量	女生						男生
自变量	B	SE	Wald χ²值	P值	OR值	95%CI	B	SE	Wald χ²值	P值	OR值	95%CI
年龄（以19岁为参照）			17.03	0.01					11.43	0.01
16岁	0.30	0.16	3.34	0.06	1.34	0.99~1.81	0.44	0.19	5.44	0.02	1.55	1.07~2.24
17岁	0.21	0.13	2.79	0.18	1.18	0.93~1.49	0.40	0.14	8.62	0.01	1.49	1.14~1.95
18岁	-0.17	0.09	3.38	0.06	0.85	0.72~1.01	0.14	0.10	2.08	0.15	1.15	0.95~1.39
是否独生子女（以否为参照）
是	-0.30	0.10	9.32	0.04	0.83	0.70~0.99	0.21	0.08	6.30	0.01	1.23	1.05~1.45
父亲文化程度（以硕士研究生及以上为参照）			0.51	0.84					1.38	0.71
初中及以下	0.13	0.41	0.10	0.71	1.15	0.56~2.38	0.05	0.30	0.03	0.86	1.06	0.59~1.89
高中/中专	0.13	0.41	0.10	0.84	1.08	0.52~2.22	-0.07	0.29	0.06	0.81	0.93	0.53~1.65
大专/本科	0.03	0.40	0.01	0.96	1.02	0.51~2.05	-0.03	0.28	0.01	0.93	0.98	0.57~1.68
母亲文化程度（以硕士研究生及以上为参照）			2.57	0.47					3.78	0.29
初中及以下	0.02	0.46	0.002	0.79	0.90	0.41~1.97	-0.21	0.36	0.34	0.56	0.81	0.41~1.63
高中/中专	0.04	0.45	0.01	0.90	0.95	0.44~2.07	-0.01	0.35	0.00	0.99	0.99	0.50~1.97
大专/本科	-0.20	0.44	0.20	0.50	0.77	0.36~1.64	-0.02	0.33	0.01	0.95	0.98	0.51~1.89
进食速度（以慢很多为参照）			14.36	0.01					81.56	0.01
快很多	0.52	0.15	11.75	0.01	1.73	1.31~2.28	1.14	0.20	32.73	0.01	3.12	2.11~4.61
稍快	0.23	0.14	2.87	0.04	1.29	1.01~1.66	0.50	0.20	6.30	0.01	1.64	1.11~2.41
就餐地点（以早晚餐在家午餐在学校为参照）			4.77	0.07					2.97	0.23
在家	-0.04	0.12	0.09	0.92	0.99	0.79~1.24	-0.15	0.12	1.52	0.22	0.86	0.68~1.09
在学校	-0.19	0.10	3.72	0.05	0.84	0.69~1.00	-0.17	0.10	2.89	0.09	0.84	0.69~1.03
早餐频次（以从不/很少为参照）			11.65	0.01					8.68	0.03
每天	-0.24	0.18	1.69	0.05	0.72	0.52~0.99	-0.17	0.18	0.91	0.34	0.84	0.59~1.20
经常	-0.16	0.18	0.72	0.17	0.79	0.57~1.11	-0.23	0.19	1.57	0.21	0.79	0.55~1.14
偶尔	0.13	0.19	0.42	0.70	1.07	0.76~1.52	0.11	0.20	0.29	0.59	1.11	0.76~1.63
夜间进食（以从不/很少为参照）			2.41	0.35					2.36	0.50
每天	-0.02	0.20	0.01	0.67	0.92	0.63~1.34	-0.23	0.17	1.93	0.17	0.79	0.57~1.10
经常	0.11	0.12	0.94	0.35	1.11	0.89~1.37	-0.07	0.12	0.36	0.55	0.93	0.74~1.17
偶尔	0.14	0.10	1.96	0.14	1.16	0.96~1.40	-0.02	0.11	0.02	0.88	0.99	0.80~1.21

大学新生肥胖与饮食方式的关系研究

Study on Dietary Factors Associated with Obesity Among University Freshmen

RichHTML

PDF

可视化

摘要/Abstract

引用本文

使用本文

图/表 6

参考文献 73

相关文章 15

编辑推荐

Metrics

留言

年龄	性别	BMI（kg/m²）
16岁	男	≥27.1
16岁	女	≥27.1
17岁	男	≥27.6
17岁	女	≥27.6
18~19岁	—	≥28.0

[1]	冯展鹏, 谭思洁, 郭振, 曹立全. 24 h活动行为对青少年代谢综合征的成分等时替代效益研究[J]. 中国全科医学, 2026, 29(03): 325-330.
[2]	张颖, 杨梓钰, 刘力滴, 廖晓阳, 贾禹, 沈灿, 杨荣. 美国运动医学会《成人体力活动与超重、肥胖共识声明》解读[J]. 中国全科医学, 2026, 29(03): 293-298.
[3]	张薇, 贾月骁, 唐宏伟, 薛新, 雷颖, 杜娜, 王雨萌, 袁纪昀, 刘欢. 限能量的间歇性禁食饮食模式联合线上干预对超重及肥胖人群体质量管理效果研究[J]. 中国全科医学, 2026, 29(03): 355-360.
[4]	向凤玲, 王远坤, 王小燕, 何圣洁, 干锦华. 中国儿童青少年高尿酸血症患病率的Meta分析[J]. 中国全科医学, 2025, 28(33): 4206-4213.
[5]	徐春艳, 贺玲, 郭灿辉, 赖胡榕, 廖彩凤, 涂怀军. 中国中老年人血脂水平与肌少症性肥胖发病风险的相关性：一项队列研究[J]. 中国全科医学, 2025, 28(33): 4125-4131.
[6]	杨盈天, 吕乾瑜, 吴茜, 侯信铮, 宋建钧, 叶雪姣, 杨晨艳, 王师菡. 基于"医院-体育馆-社区"康复模式的五体平衡操运动对肥胖相关性高血压的疗效研究：一项随机对照试验[J]. 中国全科医学, 2025, 28(32): 4038-4046.
[7]	白佳欣, 程玉, 周伊恒, 刘力滴, 杨荣, 姚易, 袁波, 张永刚, 雷弋, 曾锐, 贾禹, 廖晓阳. 《早发性高血压的评估与治疗：英国和爱尔兰高血压协会立场声明》对中国早发性高血压临床管理的建议[J]. 中国全科医学, 2025, 28(30): 3741-3746.
[8]	张鹏, 刘力滴, 张颖, 杨梓钰, 刘长明, 唐以俊, 廖晓阳, 贾禹. 2024意大利《成人超重、肥胖和代谢合并症行为治疗抵抗的管理指南》解读与启示[J]. 中国全科医学, 2025, 28(30): 3747-3752.
[9]	黄莉丽, 江燕, 唐敏, 张佳蕾, 贺加贝, 庄建林. 基于知信行模式和自我效能理论的健康教育对四年级小学生含糖饮料摄入行为的影响研究[J]. 中国全科医学, 2025, 28(28): 3558-3565.
[10]	卢冬磊, 杨风英, 冯展鹏, 曹立全, 谭思洁. 同期训练可改善伴有超重或肥胖2型糖尿病患者的健康效应：一项Meta分析[J]. 中国全科医学, 2025, 28(27): 3410-3421.
[11]	全家霖, 朱琳, 苏煜, 陈泽恺, 陈梓淇, 张卓凡. 运动方式对超重或肥胖儿童青少年执行功能改善效果的网状Meta分析[J]. 中国全科医学, 2025, 28(27): 3422-3431.
[12]	张宇诺, 李瑞斌, 王玮. 血清Nesfatin-1和Ghrelin水平与糖脂代谢及2型糖尿病的关系研究[J]. 中国全科医学, 2025, 28(26): 3264-3270.
[13]	向心月, 张冰青, 欧阳煜钦, 汤文娟, 冯文焕. 短期内科门诊减重对肥胖患者动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病风险的影响研究[J]. 中国全科医学, 2025, 28(26): 3229-3239.
[14]	李苗秀, 朱博文, 孔令军, 房敏. 青少年脊柱侧弯保守治疗临床评估工具研究进展[J]. 中国全科医学, 2025, 28(24): 3079-3088.
[15]	魏云鸿, 杨莉, 王玉路, 叶秋芳, 代安妮, 何燕. 肥胖相关性高血压患者不同运动阶段心肺功能的研究[J]. 中国全科医学, 2025, 28(24): 2972-2978.