Special Issue:Atrial fibrillation
The global population disease burden report shows that atrial fibrillation (AF) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) have emerged as the fast-growing causes of death in the last 20 years. The concept of cardiorenal syndrome suggests that AF may increase the risk of new-onset CKD, however, there are few studies related to the increased risk of new-onset CKD with AF at home and abroad, and the interaction with age remains unclear atpresent.
To investigate whether AF increases the risk of new-onset CKD in northern Chinese population.
The population who attended a comprehensive health check-up for the employees of Kailuan Group in Hebei Province from 2006 to 2010 were selected as study subjects. The general information and laboratory test results of the study subjects were collected, and the study subjects were followed up with the final follow-up date of 2020-12-31 and the end point of new-onset CKD. The included patients were divided into AF group (n=368) and non-AF group (n=110 487) according to the presence or absence of AF. The cumulative incidence of new-onset CKD in patients was calculated using the lifetable method. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to plot the survival curves of the cumulative incidence of new-onset CKD in the AF group and the non-AF group. The Log-rank test was used to compare the differences in the cumulative incidence of CKD between the two groups. The multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression model was used to explore the effect of AF on the risk of new-onset CKD.
AF group was higher than non-AF group in age, male proportion, systolic blood pressure level, diastolic blood pressure level, body mass index, the proportions of education level, participation in physical exercise, hypertension, diabetes, taking hypotensive drugs and hypoglycemic drugs, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein level (P<0.05) . AF group was lower than non-AF group in the proportion of alcohol consumption, total cholesterol, triacylglycerol and low density lipoprotein cholesterinlevels (P<0.05) . There were statistically significant differences in the incidence and cumulative incidence of new-onset CKD between atrial fibrillation group and non-atrial fibrillation group (P<0.05) . Stratifying the study population by age, there were statistically significant differences in the incidence and cumulative incidence of new-onset CKD in the study subjects aged≤65 years (P<0.05) and statistically significant difference in the incidence of new-onset CKD in the study subjects aged>65 years (P<0.05) . The results of the adjusted multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression analysis showed that AF was a risk factor for new-onset CKD in people aged≤65 years〔HR=1.350, 95%CI (1.038, 1.755) , P=0.025〕.
AF is an independent risk factor for new-onset CKD in northern Chinese population, especially for young and middle-aged populationaged≤65 years.
With the aging of the population, the prevalence of atrial fibrillation is increasing year by year. As the "gatekeepers" of community residents' health, grassroots medical staff with a high level of knowledge about atrial fibrillation is particularly important for standardized management of atrial fibrillation.
To analyze the mastery of atrial fibrillation-related knowledge among grassroots medical staff in Fengxian District, Shanghai and its influencing factors, thus, providing a theoretical basis for subsequent training work.
This study is a cross-sectional survey study. From June to July 2021, a systematic sampling method was used to select 1 393 grassroots medical staff as the research objects including general practitioners, nurses, pharmacists, public health physicians and other medical staff (imaging technology/physician, laboratory technician, traditional Chinese medicine doctor and so on) from 21 community health service centers in Fengxian District, Shanghai. This study used a self-developed electronic questionnaire to investigate them. The contents of the questionnaire included general information and knowledge related to atrial fibrillation (basic knowledge about atrial fibrillation, knowledge about anticoagulant therapy and knowledge about rhythm/heart rate control) . This study compared the mastery of atrial fibrillation-related knowledge among grassroots medical staff in different positions, and used univariate Logistic regression, ordinal multiple classification or binary Logistic regression to analyze the influencing factors of grassroots medical staff's mastery of atrial fibrillation-related knowledge.
A total of 1 383 valid questionnaires were recovered, and the valid questionnaire recovery rate was 99.28%. Among 1 383 grassroots medical staff, 506 cases (36.59%) were general practitioners. 54.88% (759/1 383) , 97.69% (1 351/1 383) and 69.63% (963/1 383) failed in the basic knowledge about atrial fibrillation, knowledge about anticoagulation and knowledge about heart rhythm/heart rate control, respectively. There were statistically significant differences in the scores of atrial fibrillation knowledge, anticoagulation knowledge and heart rhythm/heart rate control knowledge among grassroots medical staff in different positions (P<0.05) . Ordinal multiple classification or binary Logistic regression analysis showed that the position as a general practitioner and professional title were the influencing factors of score in the basic knowledge related to atrial fibrillation among grassroots medical staff (P<0.05) . Age and position as a general practitioner were the influencing factors of whether the score in knowledge related to anticoagulation therapy reaches the pass level or above among grassroots medical staff (P<0.05) . The position as a general practitioner, received standardized training and reading the atrial fibrillation guideline within one year were the influencing factors of the score in knowledge related to heart rhythm/heart rate control among grassroots medical staff (P<0.05) .
The mastery of knowledge about atrial fibrillation among grassroots medical staff is generally not ideal, especially the lack of knowledge about anticoagulation therapy. Atrial fibrillation related knowledge training should be especially strengthened for grassroots medical staff who are not general practitioners, have low professional titles, and have not received standardized training.
Effect of Dapagliflozin on the Risk of New-onset Atrial Fibrillation during Hospitalization for Acute Myocardial Infarction in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes
Atrial fibrillation is a common complication of acute myocardial infarction with an incidence varying from 5% to 20%. New-onset atrial fibrillation developing after acute myocardial fibrillation indicates a significantly increased risk of death and stroke. Diabetes mellitus, as a shared risk factor in both acute myocardial infarction and atrial fibrillation, plays an important role in the development of acute myocardial infarction and atrial fibrillation. It has been reported that dapagliflozin, a new hypoglycemic agent, has a positive effect on lowering glucose. However, there are few data regarding its impact on the risk of atrial fibrillation after acute myocardial infarction in patients with diabetes.
To investigate the effect of dapagliflozin on the risk of new-onset atrial fibrillation after acute myocardial infarction in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Total 764 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus admitted during December 2018 to June 2020 in Cardiovascular Department, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University for acute myocardial infarction were selected. The demographic data, echocardiographic indices and laboratory data were collected, and compared between participants with new-onset atrial fibrillation (n=188) and those without (n=576) . Multivariate Logistic regression analysis was used to assess the impact of dapagliflozin on the risk of new-onset atrial fibrillation after acute myocardial infarction.
Patients with new-onset atrial fibrillationhad older mean age, higher male proportion, and proportion of smokers, higher mean levels of glycosylated hemoglobin, left atrial diameter, NT-proBNP and C-reactive protein, and lower mean levels of systolic blood pressure and high-density lipoprotein, as well as lower prevalence of using insulinand dapagliflozinthan those without (P<0.05) . Multivariate Logistic regression analysis found that dapagliflozin was associated with a 34% reduced risk for new-onset atrial fibrillation after acute myocardial infarction in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus 〔OR=0.66, 95%CI (0.57, 0.91) , P=0.008〕.
Dapagliflozin may be associated with a lower risk of new-onset atrial fibrillation after acute myocardial infarction in type 2 diabetics.
Atrial fibrillation is the most obvious arrhythmia in medical practice. Atrial fibrillation has been listed as one of the eight fastest-growing causes of death since 1990. Epidemiological investigation shows that the highest incidence of atrial fibrillation is 9% in people over 65 years old and 17% in people over 80 years old; more than 60% of patients with hypertension will develop atrial fibrillation after the age of 60. Atrial fibrillation increases the risk of ischemic stroke, heart failure, chronic kidney disease, cognitive impairment and dementia, but it is unclear whether it increases the risk of new onset myocardial infarction.
To investigate whether atrial fibrillation increases the risk of new onset myocardial infarction.
From June 2006 to October 2007, 96 750 employees of Kailuan Group in Tangshan, Hebei Province (Kailuan population) were selected for the study, including 458 patients with atrial fibrillation (atrial fibrillation group) and 96 292 patients without atrial fibrillation (non atrial fibrillation group) . The general information of patients was recorded, including age, gender, personal history (smoking history, drinking history) , past medical history (hypertension, coronary heart disease, diabetes, dyslipidemia) , anthropometric parameters (weight, height, blood pressure, etc.) . Total cholesterol (TC) , triglyceride (TG) , high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) , low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and fasting blood glucose (FPG) were collected. The patients were followed up every 2 years, respectively, that was from 2008 to 2009, 2010 to 2011, 2012 to 2013, 2014 to 2015, and 2016 to 2017. The median follow-up was 10 years, and the end point was new onset myocardial infarction. Multivariate Cox regression model was used to analyze the effect of atrial fibrillation on new onset myocardial infarction.
(1) There were significant differences in age, body mass index (BMI) , systolic blood pressure (SBP) , LDL-C, FPG, diabetes, smoking, drinking and new onset myocardial infarction between atrial fibrillation group and non atrial fibrillation group (P<0.05) . (2) Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that atrial fibrillation increased the risk of new onset myocardial infarction compared with non atrial fibrillation〔RR=1.841, 95%CI (1.118, 2.869) , P<0.05〕. After adjusting for age and gender (male) , atrial fibrillation increased the risk of new onset myocardial infarction compared with non atrial fibrillation〔RR=1.635, 95%CI (1.049, 2.547) , P<0.05〕, after further adjustment for BMI, SBP, LDL-C, FPG, smoking and drinking, atrial fibrillation increased the risk of new onset myocardial infarction compared with non atrial fibrillation〔RR=1.381, 95%CI (1.087, 1.573) , P<0.05〕; drinking was the protective factor of new onset myocardial infarction 〔RR=0.664, 95%CI (0.572, 0.770) , P<0.05〕.
Atrial fibrillation is an independent risk factor of new onset myocardial infarction.
Stroke is highly prevalent in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) , a most common cardiac arrhythmia with high morbidity, and anticoagulation therapy is a key strategy to prevent AF-related stroke. However, there is short of research on the use of anticoagulation therapy in patients with AF in the community.
To explore the prevalence of use of anticoagulation therapy and influencing factors in elderly patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) in Shanghai's communities.
A cross-sectional survey design was used. Stratified sampling was used to select elderly patients with AF who received the 2018 annual physical examination at four community health centers in Shanghai during July to December 2019, and they were surveyed using a questionnaire (consisting of three parts: demographics, CHA2DS2-VASc score and ORBIT score) compiled by our research team for collecting information on their AF prevalence and associated medication use, awareness of AF, comorbidities, and complication, as well as risk for stroke and bleeding. Based on the results of the survey, we excluded those without previous AF-related medical experience and valvular AF, then analyzed the prevalence of anticoagulation therapy in those with NVAF. Anticoagulation therapy was recommended for patients at high risk for stroke in accordance with the CHA2DS2-VASc score. Univariate and multivariate Logistic regression analyses were used to identify influencing factors of anticoagulation therapy in NVAF patients at high risk of stroke.
Three hundred and two patients with NVAF were finally included, of whom the prevalence of current use of anticoagulant and antiplatelet drugs was 29.5% (89/302) , and 39.7% (120/302) , respectively, and that of non-use of anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs was 30.8% (93/302) . By the CHA2DS2-VASc score, 279 of the 302 NVAF patients (92.4%) were assessed with high risk of stroke, among whom the prevalence of current use of anticoagulant and antiplatelet drugs was 30.5% (85/279) , 40.1% (112/279) , respectively, and the rest 29.4% (82/279) did not take anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs. Univariate Logistic regression analysis demonstrated that age, marital status, type of AF, onset of AF symptoms, duration of AF, prescription of anticoagulants at the first visit for AF, knowledge of the harmfulness of AF, prevalence of hyperlipidemia, and risk of bleeding were associated with the use of anticoagulation therapy in NVAF patients at high risk of stroke (P<0.05) . Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that age, type of AF, prescription of anticoagulants at the first visit for AF, and knowledge of the harmfulness of AF were associated with the use of anticoagulation therapy in NVAF patients at high risk of stroke (P<0.05) .
The prevalence of the use of anticoagulation therapy in community-living NVAF patients at higher risk of stroke is unsatisfactory, so the use of anticoagulation therapy for this population needs to be further standardized, especially in patients with advanced age and low awareness of the harmfulness of AF.
Atrial fibrillation (AF) patients are prone to stroke and peripheral arterial embolism. Studying the pathogenesis of thrombosis formation in AF and providing effective interventions to reduce the risk is an important direction of clinical and basic research on AF.
To investigate the correlation of markers of inflammation and endothelial injury with thrombosis in the left atrium (LA) in AF patients.
Twenty-nine patients with valvular heart disease and 10 patients with coronary heart disease who underwent thoracotomy at the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University from July 2017 to December 2019 were selected, and divided into sinus rhythm group (15 cases) and AF group 〔24 cases, including 12 with left atrial appendage thrombus (LAAT), and 12 without LAAT〕 according to heart rhythm. General demographics were collected. Besides that, other data were also collected, including left atrial diameter (LAD) and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), levels of protein kinase B (AKT), nuclear factor-κ B (NF-κ B), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-8, tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), endothelin-1 (ET-1), nitric oxide (NO), von Willebrand factor (VWF), intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion factor (VCAM-1) in the left atrial blood sample, and calculated thrombus area in patients with AF and LAAT. The relationships of LAD, LVEF, markers of inflammation and endothelial injury with calculated area of thrombus in AF with LAAT patients were analyzed by Pearson correlation.
There were significant differences in LAD and LVEF between sinus rhythm patients and AF patients with or without LAAT (P<0.05). AF patients with and without LAAT had no significant differences in LAD and LVEF (P>0.05). AF patients without LAAT had higher levels of AKT, NF-κB, IL-8, ET-1, ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 and lower NO level in left atrium than patients with sinus rhythm (P<0.05). AF patients with LAAT had higher levels of AKT and hs-CRP, and lower NO level in left atrium than those without (P<0.05). AF patients with and without LAAT had no significant differences in levels of NF-κB, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, ET-1, vWF, ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 (P>0.05). The maximum area, minimum area, and average area of the left atrial appendage thrombus in AF patients with LAAT were 4.8 cm2, 1.67 cm2, and (3.48±0.83) cm2, respectively. Pearson correlation analysis showed LAD, LVEF, AKT, NF-κB, hs-CRP, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, ET-1, NO, vWF, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1 had no linear correlation with the area of thrombus in AF patients with LAAT (P>0.05) .
Increased levels of markers of inflammation and endothelial injury in left atrium were found in AF patients, which were even more higher when the patients also had LAAT. Detecting the markers of inflammation and endothelial injury in left atrium is helpful to evaluate the thrombus prevalence in AF patients.
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is one of common clinical arrhythmias, among which asymptomatic AF is insidious, poorly understood, and prone to adverse outcomes, bringing a serious burden to patients. As disease screening is a measure that should be implemented prior to the prevention of disease-related complications, it is crucial to carry out asymptomatic AF screening and scientific management. Current hot issues in screening for AF include the selection of the most appropriate screening population, the selection of screening devices and modalities, the improvement of screening participation, standard indications of anticoagulation therapy for those diagnosd, and the evaluation of the best economic screening option. We included twenty-five articles related to screening for atrial fibrillation, and systematically reviewed the AF screening section in AF management guidelines published in recent five years and opinions of relevant experts, then gave a summary of the latest advances in AF screening, involving screening strategies, screening devices, screening participation, anticoagulation treatment participation and monitoring duration and monitoring modalities in post-stroke screening, and the association of screening strategies on cost-effectiveness of the screening analyzed using a perspective in health economics, as well as economic impact of patient participation in screening and anticoagulation treatment. All these are beneficial to the guidance for clinical practice. The more internationally recognised guidelines for the screening and management of atrial fibrillation are the European Heart Rhythm Society guidelines and the North American Heart Rhythm Society guidelines. Most studies on the cost-effectiveness of AF screening have used Markov models for lifetime simulation. Health economics analyses include stroke events, bleeding events, quality-adjusted life year (QALY) , and incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) . Most guidelines recommend routine screening with newer devices, such as portable single-lead ECGs in high-risk groups aged 65-75 years, to facilitate continuous monitoring and improve AF detection rates; for post-stroke screening, national and international guidelines emphasize screening for AF in patients with cryptogenic transient ischemic attacks (TIA) /stroke, with the main focus on Long-range ECG and implantation of an insertable cardiac monitor (ICM) . In summary, although some progress has been made in understanding the cost-effectiveness of AF screening, many differences still need to be fitted, and the health economics of AF screening are poorly understood in China. This will provide an evidence-based basis for improving life expectancy and quality of life and reducing the economic burden of healthcare.
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a common clinical tachyarrhythmia with high prevalence, and a predisposing factor of stroke. In addition, it has a causal relationship with heart failure (HF) . Treatment options for AF have changed recently owing to the emergence of new drugs. Many investigations are focused on anticoagulant therapies for AF, but relevant multicenter investigations on AF and HF are rare.
To investigate the clinical characteristics and treatment of patients with AF combined with HF in Chongqing, China.
A total of 4 011 patients with AF and HF who were discharged from 21 hospitals in Chongqing in 2018 were included. Data were collected through the electronic medical record system of the hospitals, including sex, age, basic comorbid conditions, type of AF, NYHA class, thromboembolism history, bleeding history, Color Doppler echocardiography results, HF type and use of drugs (including antithrombotic drugs, rhythm/ventricular rate-control drugs, ACEIs/ARBs, cardiotonic drugs) . The risk of thromboembolism and bleeding were assessed using admission CHA2DS2-VASc score and HAS-BLED score. Sex, basic comorbid conditions, AF type, NYHA class, admission CHA2DS2-VASc score and HAS-BLED score, left atrial diameter, left ventricular end-diastolic diameter, left ventricular ejection fraction, endpoint events (thromboembolism and bleeding) , HF type, and treatment options were compared across three age groups (<65, 65-75, >75) and across patients by the level of hospitalized hospital (secondary and tertiary) .
In terms of clinical characteristics, the patients had an average age of (74.0±10.6) years, 2 279 (56.8%) were female. The top three prevalent basic comorbid conditions were coronary heart disease (65.1%) , hypertension (51.0%) , and diabetes (17.5%) . 3 346 (83.4%) patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) . NYHA class was Ⅲ and Ⅳ in 3 059 patients (76.3%) , thromboembolism events occurred in 531 patients (13.2%) , and bleeding events occurred in 176 patients (4.4%) . In Color Doppler echocardiography results, The average left atrial diameter was (44.12±9.21) mm. The average left ventricular end-diastolic diameter was (48.45±10.06) mm. The average left ventricular ejection fraction was (54.23±11.94) mm. The main type of HF was HF with preserved ejection fraction, accounting for 66.2%. The average CHA2DS2-VASc score was (3.9±1.5) points, and the admission CHA2DS2-VASc score was positively correlated with age (r=0.589, P<0.001) . The average HAS-BLED score was (1.7±1.0) points. 3 641 (90.8%) patients were at high risk of thromboembolism and 723 (18.0%) patients were at high risk of bleeding. In terms of antithrombotic treatment, the overall prevalence of anticoagulation treatment was 47.1%, warfarin was the main anticoagulant (37.8%) , the prevalence of use of the new oral anticoagulant was only 9.3%. The overall prevalence of antiplatelet treatment was 44.6%, most of them were monoclonal antiplatelet agents (13.2%) . The prevalence of anticoagulation treatment decreased with age (χ2trend=136.502, P<0.001) , but that of antiplatelet treatment increased with age (χ2trend=135.730, P<0.001) . The prevalence of anticoagulation treatment, and use of warfarin and new oral anticoagulants in secondary hospitals was significantly lower than that in tertiary hospitals (P<0.001) . A total of 3 162 (78.8%) patients with atrial fibrillation received ventricular rate control. The prevalence of use of beta-blockers, digoxin and ACEIs/ARBs was 61.6%, 17.6%, and 59.7%, respectively.
The majority of patients with AF complicated with HF in Chongqing are elderly, and the proportion of women is relatively high. HFpEF is the main type of atrial fibrillation, and the NYHA classification is mainly classⅢandⅣ. Most were at high risk for thromboembolism, but less than 1/4 were at high risk of bleeding. The prevalence of antithrombotic treatmentin all ages and levels of hospitals was unsatisfactory, and there was a large gap between current treatment and guideline recommendations in improving HF. In view of this, hospitalphysicians should increase their awareness and capability of standardized diagnosis and treatmentregarding AF with HF.
As the most common type of arrhythmia, atrial fibrillation has proven to be associated with serious adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events, such as heart failure, stroke and myocardial infarction. The global number of patients with atrial fibrillation has exceeded 33 million, and it is estimated to be more than doubled in the next 40 years. Although years of efforts have been made to the research on pathophysiological mechanism, and the exploration of new treatments and improvement of treatments regarding atrial fibrillation, the management of atrial fibrillation is still a difficult problem in clinical medicine, and there is no consensus on the best treatment and the choice of energy source for ablation in atrial fibrillation with the increasing advances made in surgical and catheter ablative techniques. Catheter ablation often requires multiple operations with unsatisfactory success rate and surgical ablation is often associated with high risk of postoperative adverse events. Hybrid ablation, a new treatment recently developed by the joint efforts of cardiac surgeons and electrophysiologists, integrates the merits of catheter ablation and minimally invasive surgical ablation but overcomes the limitations of the two, has proven to be effective in reducing the risk of postoperative adverse outcomes, and considerably efficacious in treating persistent atrial fibrillation, especially long-term persistent atrial fibrillation. We reviewed the advances in atrial fibrillation ablation, and comparatively analyzed existing studies of hybrid ablation, and summarized the advantages and challenges of this treatment, hoping to provide one more option for clinical treatment of atrial fibrillation.
Global population epidemiology research shows that by 2019, there were 1.28 billion hypertensive patients, and about 59.7 million patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) worldwide. Hypertension greatly increases the risk of AF. And in older hypertensive patients, the incidence of AF will be higher than 60%. Moreover, AF increases the risk of ischemic stroke, heart failure, myocardial infarction, chronic kidney disease and dementia. However, there are few studies on whether AF increases the risk of new-onset myocardial infarction, and whether the risk interacts with age is still unclear in large hypertensive populations.
To examine whether AF increases the risk of new-onset myocardial infarction in hypertensive patients.
Individuals with hypertension were selected as subjects from the employees of Kailuan Group who underwent the medical check-up in Tangshan Gongren Hospital and Kailuan General Hospital from June 2006 to October 2007. General data and laboratory test results of subjects were collected. And all of them were regularly followed up until 2020-12-31. The endpoint event was new-onset myocardial infarction. The finally enrolled cases (n=42 833) included 270 with AF diagnosed by baseline ECG (AF group) and 42 563 without (non-AF group) . The cumulative incidence of myocardial infarction was calculated by the life table method. The survival curve for the cumulative incidence of new-onset myocardial infarction was plotted by Kaplan-Meier method. The difference of the cumulative incidence of myocardial infarction between AF and non-AF groups was compared by Log-rank test. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to investigate the effect of AF on new-onset myocardial infarction in hypertension.
AF group had greater mean age, and lower mean levels of diastolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol than non-AF group (P<0.05) . There were also statistically differences in the incidence of myocardial infarction and cumulative incidence of new-onset myocardial infarction between the two groups (P<0.05) . After age-stratification, it was found that the differences in the incidence of new-onset myocardial infarction and cumulative incidence of myocardial infarction were statistically significant between those aged ≤60 years with AF and without AF (P<0.05) , but were insignificant between those aged > 60 years with and without AF (P>0.05) . Adjusted multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analysis showed that AF was a risk factor for new-onset myocardial infarction in hypertensive population〔HR=2.89, 95%CI (1.74, 4.82) , P<0.01〕, and also in hypertensive population aged ≤60 years old〔HR=4.72, 95%CI (2.11, 10.56) , P<0.01〕.
AF is a risk factor for new-onset myocardial infarction in hypertensive population, especially in those ≤60 years old. Active control of blood pressure and treatment of AF are important prevention and treatment measures for new-onset myocardial infarction.
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is one of the two major bastions that need to be tackled in cardiovascular disease field. The rates of AF screening and standardized management are low, which are mainly due to the limitation of "no onset symptoms of AF at the time of detection and no detection at the time of having onset symptoms of AF" in the traditional screening. Wearable devices are technologies that can facilitate early detection and scientific management of AF, whose applicability, sensitivity and specificity in the screening AF have been gradually verified. We reviewed the latest developments in wearable devices for AF screening and management, including epidemiological characteristics of AF, and current application, applicable limitations and prospect of wearable devices, providing a theoretical basis for the use of wearable devices in the screening and management of AF.
