Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is a demyelinating disease of central nervous system characterized by high recurrence rate and high disability rate. Biomarkers play an important role in the diagnosis, differential diagnosis, treatment and prognosis assessment of NMOSD, which can better help clinicians to diagnose NMOSD, distinguish it from multiple sclerosis (MS) and other demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system, and help doctors to evaluate the treatment effect and prognosis of the disease. Finding more potential biomarkers and tapping the application potential of the discovered biomarkers can not only further elucidate the pathogenesis of NMOSD, but also discover new therapeutic targets. This will help doctors develop better treatment plans, more accurately assess the risk and severity of disease recurrence, and reduce the recurrence and disability rate of NMOSD. This article reviewed the research progress of newly discovered NMOSD biomarkers with potential value in recent years, including lncRNA, complement components, markers of neuronal and astrocyte damage, granulocyte activation markers, AQP-4 antibody titers, and cytokines.

视神经脊髓炎谱系疾病（NMOSD）是一种以高复发率、高致残率为特点的中枢神经系统脱髓鞘疾病。生物标志物在NMOSD的诊断、鉴别诊断、治疗及预后评估中扮演着重要角色，其可以更好地帮助临床医生对NMOSD进行诊断，将NMOSD与多发性硬化（MS）及其他中枢神经系统脱髓鞘疾病区分，同时有助于医生对疾病治疗效果及预后情况进行评估。发现更多潜在的生物标志物以及挖掘已有生物标志物的应用潜能，不仅可以进一步阐述NMOSD的发病机制，还可以发现新的治疗靶点。这有助于医生制定更加完善的诊疗计划，更准确地评估疾病复发风险及严重程度，同时也有助于降低NMOSD复发率及致残率。本文综述了近年来新发现的具有潜在价值的NMOSD生物标志物[长链非编码RNA（lncRNA）、补体成分、神经元和星形胶质细胞损伤的标志物、粒细胞激活标志物、水通道蛋白4（AQP-4）抗体滴度、细胞因子]的研究进展。