Study on Dietary Factors Associated with Obesity Among University Freshmen

doi:10.12114/j.issn.1007-9572.2025.0017

Chinese General Practice ›› 2026, Vol. 29 ›› Issue (03): 361-372.DOI: 10.12114/j.issn.1007-9572.2025.0017

• Article·Focus on "Year of Weight Management"·Nutrition and Weight Management • Previous Articles

Study on Dietary Factors Associated with Obesity Among University Freshmen

1. Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230031, China
2. Chinese Center for Health Education, Beijing 100011, China
3. Beijing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100013, China
4. School of Public Policy and Administration, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
5. School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
6. Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China
7. Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang 157011, China
8. Department of Health Policy and Management, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan Univetsity, Chengdu 610041, China
9. University of Agriculture Beijing, Beijing 102206, China
10. Luohe Medical College, Luohe 462002, China

Received:2025-03-14 Revised:2025-06-28 Published:2026-01-20 Online:2025-12-11
Contact: TIAN Xiangyang, GONG Shaoqing
About author:
CHEN Zhixin and ZHANG Li are co-first authors

大学新生肥胖与饮食方式的关系研究

1．230031　安徽省合肥市，安徽医科大学公共卫生学院营养与食品卫生学系
2．100011　北京市，中国健康教育中心
3．100013　北京市，北京市疾病预防控制中心
4．710049　陕西省西安市，西安交通大学公共政策与管理学院
5．430030　湖北省武汉市，华中科技大学同济医学院公共卫生学院
6．310051　浙江省杭州市，浙江省疾病预防控制中心
7．157011　黑龙江省牡丹江市，牡丹江医科大学
8．610041　四川省成都市，四川大学华西公共卫生学院/四川大学华西第四医院
9．102206　北京市，北京农学院
10．462002　河南省漯河市，漯河医学高等专科学校

通讯作者: 田向阳, 巩少青
作者简介:
陈志昕和章力为共同第一作者
作者贡献：
陈志昕、章力参与数据清理、统计分析，起草文章；郭馨月参与问卷设计、数据清理、现场调查；周忠良、张建端、徐锦杭、荣胜忠、赵莉、田琦玥、王素芳、巩少青参与现场调查；田向阳参与课题设计、统计分析、论文撰写及论文审阅。
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金资助项目(72374169)

Abstract

Abstract:

Backgroud

Adolescent obesity can lead to various diseases such as type 2 diabetes, fatty liver, and dyslipidemia, while increasing the risk of chronic diseases in adulthood. The development of obesity is influenced not only by food types and intake quantity but also by eating behaviors, including eating speed, meal timing, breakfast frequency, and nighttime eating. However, the association between dietary behaviors and obesity among Chinese adolescents remains unvalidated.

Objective

To explore the association between dietary behaviors and adolescent obesity, and to provide scientific evidence for effective obesity prevention strategies.

Methods

A multistage sampling approach was employed: simple random sampling selected 7 provinces nationwide; convenience sampling identified 16 universities within these provinces; cluster sampling included all first-year students aged 16-19 years from the selected universities. Data on current height, weight, and dietary behaviors were collected via self-administered electronic questionnaires. Statistical analyses (chi-square tests and Logistic regression) were performed using SPSS 26.0 and R 4.3.3.

Results

A total of 16 445 freshmen were surveyed, including 6 710 males (40.80%) and 9 735 females (59.20%), with an average age of (18.04±0.75) years. The highest proportions were in the 18 years (9 618 cases, 58.49%) and 19 years (4 169 cases, 25.35%) age groups, and 5 375 (32.68%) were only children. The overall obesity rate among adolescents was 10.48% (1 723/16 445). The obesity rates of adolescents with much faster, slightly faster, and much slower eating speeds were 15.02% (587/3 908), 9.41% (1 029/10 930), and 6.66% (107/1 607), respectively, and the obesity rate increased with the acceleration of eating speed (P<0.05). The obesity rate of adolescents whose parents were both obese was higher than that of those whose parents were both non-obese [18.89% (17/90) vs 10.10% (1 544/15 293), P<0.05]. There was no significant difference in the obesity rate between males and females whose parents were both obese [16.22% (6/37) vs 20.75% (11/53), P=0.79]; the obesity rate of males whose parents were both non-obese was higher than that of females [12.79% (796/6 225) vs 8.25% (748/9 068), P<0.05]. The obesity rate of adolescents whose fathers were obese but mothers were non-obese was 16.06% (88/548), and the obesity rate of males was lower than that of females [14.29% (38/266) vs 17.73% (50/282), P<0.05]. The obesity rate of adolescents whose mothers were obese but fathers were non-obese was 16.15% (26/161), and the obesity rate of males was higher than that of females [22.03% (13/59) vs 12.75% (13/102), P<0.05]. The results of multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that males [OR (95%CI)=1.46 (1.31-1.62)], younger age [compared with 19 years old, OR (95%CI) of 16 years old was 1.37 (1.08-1.73), and OR (95%CI) of 17 years old was 1.27 (1.06-1.51)], much faster [OR (95%CI)=2.19 (1.76-2.74)] and slightly faster eating speeds [OR (95%CI)=1.42 (1.15-1.75)], and having breakfast and dinner at home and lunch at school [with an OR (95%CI)=0.86 (0.75-0.98) compared to those who eat at school] were more likely to be obese.

Conclusion

Key risk factors for adolescent obesity in China include male gender, younger age, parental obesity, fast eating speed, and eating location patterns (e.g., school lunches with home breakfast/dinner). Additionally, a potential X-chromosome dominant cross-inheritance pattern of obesity was observed, though further validation is required.

Key words: Obesity, Adolescent, Dietary patterns, Cross-inheritance, Retrospective study

摘要：

背景

青少年肥胖会导致2型糖尿病、脂肪肝等多种疾病发生，并增加成年后患慢性病的风险。肥胖的发生、发展除与食物种类和进食量有关外，也可能与进食速度、进食时间、早餐频次及夜间进食等进食方式有关，但中国青少年饮食方式与肥胖之间的关联性尚未得到验证。

目的

探讨大学新生肥胖与饮食方式的关系，为有效预防青少年肥胖提供科学依据。

方法

按照简单随机抽样方法，在全国抽取7个省份；按照便利抽样原则，在抽到的7个省份选取16所大学；根据整群抽样原则，将样本大学中所有年龄16~19岁的一年级新生作为研究对象。使用自填式电子问卷收集青少年的身高、体重、既往饮食方式等信息。使用SPSS 26.0和R 4.3.3统计软件，对分类资料进行χ²检验、趋势χ²检验及Logistic回归分析。

结果

共调查16 445名大一新生。其中，男6 710名（40.80%）、女9 735名（59.20%），平均年龄为（18.04±0.75）岁，18岁（9 618名，58.49%）和19岁（4 169名，25.35%）年龄者占比最高，独生子女有5 375名（32.68%）。青少年的总体肥胖率为10.48%（1 723/16 445）。进食速度快很多、稍快、慢很多青少年的肥胖率分别为15.02%（587/3 908）、9.41%（1 029/10 930）、6.66%（107/1 607），肥胖率随进食速度增快而上升（P<0.05）。父母均肥胖的青少年肥胖率高于父母均不肥胖者[18.89%（17/90）比10.10%（1 544/15 293），P<0.05]。父母均肥胖男生和女生的肥胖率比较，差异无统计学意义[16.22%（6/37）比20.75%（11/53），P=0.79]；父母均不肥胖男生的肥胖率高于女生[12.79%（796/6 225）比8.25%（748/9 068），P<0.05]。父亲肥胖而母亲不肥胖青少年的肥胖率为16.06%（88/548），男生肥胖率低于女生[14.29%（38/266）比17.73%（50/282），P<0.05]。母亲肥胖而父亲不肥胖青少年的肥胖率为16.15%（26/161），男生肥胖率高于女生[22.03%（13/59）比12.75%（13/102），P<0.05]。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示，男生[OR（95%CI）=1.46（1.31~1.62）]、低龄[与19岁相比，16岁的OR（95%CI）=1.37（1.08~1.73），17岁的OR（95%CI）=1.27（1.06~1.51）]、进食速度快[与慢很多相比，快很多的OR（95%CI）=2.19（1.76~2.74），稍快的OR（95%CI）=1.42（1.15~1.75）]、早晚餐在家午餐在学校[在学校就餐与之相比的OR（95%CI）=0.86（0.75~0.98）]的青少年更容易发生肥胖。

结论

性别、年龄、父母是否肥胖、进食速度和进食地点是青少年肥胖的影响因素，男性、低龄、父母肥胖、既往进食速度快、早晚餐在家午餐在学校的青少年更容易肥胖。中国青少年肥胖可能存在X染色体显性交叉遗传现象，但需进一步验证。

关键词: 肥胖, 青少年, 饮食方式, 交叉遗传, 回顾性研究

CHEN Zhixin,ZHANG Li,GUO Xinyue, et al. Study on Dietary Factors Associated with Obesity Among University Freshmen[J]. Chinese General Practice, 2026, 29(03): 361-372. DOI: 10.12114/j.issn.1007-9572.2025.0017.
陈志昕,章力,郭馨月等. 大学新生肥胖与饮食方式的关系研究[J]. 中国全科医学, 2026, 29(03): 361-372. DOI: 10.12114/j.issn.1007-9572.2025.0017.

Figures/Tables 6

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项目	例数	肥胖	χ²（χ²_趋势）值	P值
性别			78.00	<0.001
男	6 710	874（13.02）
女	9 735	849（8.72）
年龄			12.32	<0.001
16岁①	829	105（12.67）
17岁②	1 829	224（12.25）
18岁③	9 618	961（9.99）^bc
19岁④	4 169	433（10.39）^bc
是否独生子女			2.54	0.072
是	5 375	593（11.22）
否	11 070	1 130（10.21）
父亲文化程度			0.71	0.895
初中及以下	7 760	820（10.57）
高中/中专	4 734	487（10.29）
大专/本科	3 579	373（10.42）
硕士研究生及以上	372	43（11.56）
母亲文化程度			3.25	0.378
初中及以下	8 566	878（10.25）
高中/中专	4 415	485（10.99）
大专/本科	3 196	326（10.20）
硕士研究生及以上	268	34（12.69）
父亲体重情况			78.61	<0.001
偏瘦①	1 449	117（8.07）
正常②	11 604	1 107（9.54）
超重③	2 465	356（14.44）
肥胖④	643	105（16.33）^de
不清楚⑤	284	38（13.38）
母亲体重情况			51.70	<0.001
偏瘦①	1 289	130（10.09）
正常②	13 313	1 300（9.76）
超重③	1 368	212（15.50）
肥胖④	256	45（17.58）^de
不清楚⑤	219	36（16.44）
就餐地点			4.55	0.097
在家	3 099	336（10.84）
在学校	10 099	1 019（10.09）
早晚餐在家午餐在学校	3 247	368（11.33）
进食速度			118.84^a	<0.001
快很多①	3 908	587（15.02）
稍快②	10 930	1 029（9.41）
慢很多③	1 607	107（6.66）
早餐频次			21.95	<0.001
每天①	7 826	787（10.06）
经常②	5 547	542（9.77）
偶尔③	2 305	301（13.06）^bc
从不/很少④	767	93（12.13）^c
夜间进食			2.36	0.616
每天	1 026	102（9.94）
经常	4 288	448（10.45）
偶尔	7 763	839（10.81）
从不/很少	3 368	334（9.92）

项目	例数	肥胖	χ²（χ²_趋势）值	P值
性别			78.00	<0.001
男	6 710	874（13.02）
女	9 735	849（8.72）
年龄			12.32	<0.001
16岁①	829	105（12.67）
17岁②	1 829	224（12.25）
18岁③	9 618	961（9.99）^bc
19岁④	4 169	433（10.39）^bc
是否独生子女			2.54	0.072
是	5 375	593（11.22）
否	11 070	1 130（10.21）
父亲文化程度			0.71	0.895
初中及以下	7 760	820（10.57）
高中/中专	4 734	487（10.29）
大专/本科	3 579	373（10.42）
硕士研究生及以上	372	43（11.56）
母亲文化程度			3.25	0.378
初中及以下	8 566	878（10.25）
高中/中专	4 415	485（10.99）
大专/本科	3 196	326（10.20）
硕士研究生及以上	268	34（12.69）
父亲体重情况			78.61	<0.001
偏瘦①	1 449	117（8.07）
正常②	11 604	1 107（9.54）
超重③	2 465	356（14.44）
肥胖④	643	105（16.33）^de
不清楚⑤	284	38（13.38）
母亲体重情况			51.70	<0.001
偏瘦①	1 289	130（10.09）
正常②	13 313	1 300（9.76）
超重③	1 368	212（15.50）
肥胖④	256	45（17.58）^de
不清楚⑤	219	36（16.44）
就餐地点			4.55	0.097
在家	3 099	336（10.84）
在学校	10 099	1 019（10.09）
早晚餐在家午餐在学校	3 247	368（11.33）
进食速度			118.84^a	<0.001
快很多①	3 908	587（15.02）
稍快②	10 930	1 029（9.41）
慢很多③	1 607	107（6.66）
早餐频次			21.95	<0.001
每天①	7 826	787（10.06）
经常②	5 547	542（9.77）
偶尔③	2 305	301（13.06）^bc
从不/很少④	767	93（12.13）^c
夜间进食			2.36	0.616
每天	1 026	102（9.94）
经常	4 288	448（10.45）
偶尔	7 763	839（10.81）
从不/很少	3 368	334（9.92）

自变量	B	SE	Wald χ²值	P值	OR值	95%CI
性别（以女为参照）
男	0.38	0.05	48.93	0.01	1.46	1.31~1.62
年龄（以19岁为参照）			18.41	0.01
16岁	0.31	0.12	6.68	0.01	1.37	1.08~1.73
17岁	0.24	0.09	6.83	0.01	1.27	1.06~1.51
18岁	-0.04	0.06	0.37	0.55	0.96	0.85~1.09
是否独生子女（以否为参照）
是	0.04	0.06	0.53	0.47	1.04	0.93~1.17
父亲文化程度（以硕士研究生及以上为参照）			1.73	0.63
初中及以下	0.02	0.23	0.01	0.92	1.02	0.66~1.59
高中/中专	-0.07	0.22	0.09	0.77	0.94	0.61~1.45
大专/本科	-0.07	0.21	0.09	0.76	0.94	0.62~1.42
母亲文化程度（以硕士研究生及以上为参照）			3.22	0.36
初中及以下	-0.11	0.26	0.19	0.67	0.89	0.54~1.49
高中/中专	-0.01	0.26	0.00	0.98	0.99	0.60~1.65
大专/本科	-0.12	0.25	0.25	0.62	0.88	0.54~1.44
父亲体重情况（以肥胖为参照）			48.23	0.01
偏瘦	-0.68	0.15	21.04	0.01	0.51	0.38~0.68
正常	-0.46	0.12	15.50	0.01	0.63	0.50~0.79
超重	-0.11	0.13	0.70	0.40	0.90	0.70~1.15
母亲体重情况（以肥胖为参照）			32.52	0.01
偏瘦	-0.43	0.20	4.59	0.03	0.65	0.44~0.96
正常	-0.47	0.18	6.88	0.01	0.63	0.44~0.89
超重	-0.03	0.19	0.03	0.87	0.97	0.67~1.41
进食速度（以慢很多为参照）			78.24	0.01
快很多	0.79	0.11	48.38	0.01	2.19	1.76~2.74
稍快	0.35	0.11	10.49	0.01	1.42	1.15~1.75
就餐地点（以早晚餐在家午餐在学校为参照）			5.17	0.07
在家	-0.07	0.08	0.79	0.38	0.93	0.79~1.09
在学校	-0.15	0.07	4.91	0.03	0.86	0.75~0.98
早餐频次（以从不/很少为参照）			23.33	0.01
每天	-0.23	0.12	3.59	0.06	0.80	0.63~1.01
经常	-0.20	0.12	2.67	0.10	0.82	0.64~1.04
偶尔	0.11	0.13	0.70	0.40	1.12	0.86~1.44
夜间进食（以从不/很少为参照）			3.54	0.32
每天	-0.14	0.12	1.24	0.27	0.87	0.69~1.11
经常	0.01	0.08	0.02	0.88	1.01	0.87~1.18
偶尔	0.06	0.07	0.82	0.37	1.07	0.93~1.22

自变量	B	SE	Wald χ²值	P值	OR值	95%CI
性别（以女为参照）
男	0.38	0.05	48.93	0.01	1.46	1.31~1.62
年龄（以19岁为参照）			18.41	0.01
16岁	0.31	0.12	6.68	0.01	1.37	1.08~1.73
17岁	0.24	0.09	6.83	0.01	1.27	1.06~1.51
18岁	-0.04	0.06	0.37	0.55	0.96	0.85~1.09
是否独生子女（以否为参照）
是	0.04	0.06	0.53	0.47	1.04	0.93~1.17
父亲文化程度（以硕士研究生及以上为参照）			1.73	0.63
初中及以下	0.02	0.23	0.01	0.92	1.02	0.66~1.59
高中/中专	-0.07	0.22	0.09	0.77	0.94	0.61~1.45
大专/本科	-0.07	0.21	0.09	0.76	0.94	0.62~1.42
母亲文化程度（以硕士研究生及以上为参照）			3.22	0.36
初中及以下	-0.11	0.26	0.19	0.67	0.89	0.54~1.49
高中/中专	-0.01	0.26	0.00	0.98	0.99	0.60~1.65
大专/本科	-0.12	0.25	0.25	0.62	0.88	0.54~1.44
父亲体重情况（以肥胖为参照）			48.23	0.01
偏瘦	-0.68	0.15	21.04	0.01	0.51	0.38~0.68
正常	-0.46	0.12	15.50	0.01	0.63	0.50~0.79
超重	-0.11	0.13	0.70	0.40	0.90	0.70~1.15
母亲体重情况（以肥胖为参照）			32.52	0.01
偏瘦	-0.43	0.20	4.59	0.03	0.65	0.44~0.96
正常	-0.47	0.18	6.88	0.01	0.63	0.44~0.89
超重	-0.03	0.19	0.03	0.87	0.97	0.67~1.41
进食速度（以慢很多为参照）			78.24	0.01
快很多	0.79	0.11	48.38	0.01	2.19	1.76~2.74
稍快	0.35	0.11	10.49	0.01	1.42	1.15~1.75
就餐地点（以早晚餐在家午餐在学校为参照）			5.17	0.07
在家	-0.07	0.08	0.79	0.38	0.93	0.79~1.09
在学校	-0.15	0.07	4.91	0.03	0.86	0.75~0.98
早餐频次（以从不/很少为参照）			23.33	0.01
每天	-0.23	0.12	3.59	0.06	0.80	0.63~1.01
经常	-0.20	0.12	2.67	0.10	0.82	0.64~1.04
偶尔	0.11	0.13	0.70	0.40	1.12	0.86~1.44
夜间进食（以从不/很少为参照）			3.54	0.32
每天	-0.14	0.12	1.24	0.27	0.87	0.69~1.11
经常	0.01	0.08	0.02	0.88	1.01	0.87~1.18
偶尔	0.06	0.07	0.82	0.37	1.07	0.93~1.22

自变量	女生						男生
自变量	B	SE	Wald χ²值	P值	OR值	95%CI	B	SE	Wald χ²值	P值	OR值	95%CI
年龄（以19岁为参照）			17.03	0.01					11.43	0.01
16岁	0.30	0.16	3.34	0.06	1.34	0.99~1.81	0.44	0.19	5.44	0.02	1.55	1.07~2.24
17岁	0.21	0.13	2.79	0.18	1.18	0.93~1.49	0.40	0.14	8.62	0.01	1.49	1.14~1.95
18岁	-0.17	0.09	3.38	0.06	0.85	0.72~1.01	0.14	0.10	2.08	0.15	1.15	0.95~1.39
是否独生子女（以否为参照）
是	-0.30	0.10	9.32	0.04	0.83	0.70~0.99	0.21	0.08	6.30	0.01	1.23	1.05~1.45
父亲文化程度（以硕士研究生及以上为参照）			0.51	0.84					1.38	0.71
初中及以下	0.13	0.41	0.10	0.71	1.15	0.56~2.38	0.05	0.30	0.03	0.86	1.06	0.59~1.89
高中/中专	0.13	0.41	0.10	0.84	1.08	0.52~2.22	-0.07	0.29	0.06	0.81	0.93	0.53~1.65
大专/本科	0.03	0.40	0.01	0.96	1.02	0.51~2.05	-0.03	0.28	0.01	0.93	0.98	0.57~1.68
母亲文化程度（以硕士研究生及以上为参照）			2.57	0.47					3.78	0.29
初中及以下	0.02	0.46	0.002	0.79	0.90	0.41~1.97	-0.21	0.36	0.34	0.56	0.81	0.41~1.63
高中/中专	0.04	0.45	0.01	0.90	0.95	0.44~2.07	-0.01	0.35	0.00	0.99	0.99	0.50~1.97
大专/本科	-0.20	0.44	0.20	0.50	0.77	0.36~1.64	-0.02	0.33	0.01	0.95	0.98	0.51~1.89
进食速度（以慢很多为参照）			14.36	0.01					81.56	0.01
快很多	0.52	0.15	11.75	0.01	1.73	1.31~2.28	1.14	0.20	32.73	0.01	3.12	2.11~4.61
稍快	0.23	0.14	2.87	0.04	1.29	1.01~1.66	0.50	0.20	6.30	0.01	1.64	1.11~2.41
就餐地点（以早晚餐在家午餐在学校为参照）			4.77	0.07					2.97	0.23
在家	-0.04	0.12	0.09	0.92	0.99	0.79~1.24	-0.15	0.12	1.52	0.22	0.86	0.68~1.09
在学校	-0.19	0.10	3.72	0.05	0.84	0.69~1.00	-0.17	0.10	2.89	0.09	0.84	0.69~1.03
早餐频次（以从不/很少为参照）			11.65	0.01					8.68	0.03
每天	-0.24	0.18	1.69	0.05	0.72	0.52~0.99	-0.17	0.18	0.91	0.34	0.84	0.59~1.20
经常	-0.16	0.18	0.72	0.17	0.79	0.57~1.11	-0.23	0.19	1.57	0.21	0.79	0.55~1.14
偶尔	0.13	0.19	0.42	0.70	1.07	0.76~1.52	0.11	0.20	0.29	0.59	1.11	0.76~1.63
夜间进食（以从不/很少为参照）			2.41	0.35					2.36	0.50
每天	-0.02	0.20	0.01	0.67	0.92	0.63~1.34	-0.23	0.17	1.93	0.17	0.79	0.57~1.10
经常	0.11	0.12	0.94	0.35	1.11	0.89~1.37	-0.07	0.12	0.36	0.55	0.93	0.74~1.17
偶尔	0.14	0.10	1.96	0.14	1.16	0.96~1.40	-0.02	0.11	0.02	0.88	0.99	0.80~1.21

Study on Dietary Factors Associated with Obesity Among University Freshmen

大学新生肥胖与饮食方式的关系研究

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年龄	性别	BMI（kg/m²）
16岁	男	≥27.1
16岁	女	≥27.1
17岁	男	≥27.6
17岁	女	≥27.6
18~19岁	—	≥28.0

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