At present, although the prevalence of iron deficiency (ID) and iron deficiency anemia (IDA) in children has been further controlled nationwide, there is still a large gap between western regions and urban and rural areas, and Guizhou Province, as a multi-ethnic and relatively backward southwestern province, has a different dietary structure, so exploring the current situation of iron deficiency and the factors affecting IDA in children is of great significance to the formation of correct dietary habits and lifestyles of the residents and the prevention and control of this disease.

To investigate the current status of iron deficiency in children aged 6-36 months in Guizhou Province, and to analyze the influencing factors of IDA in children aged 6-36 months, in order to provide a reference basis for the prevention of ID and IDA.

In this study, 902 children aged 6-36 months were selected by multi-stage stratified random sampling in Guizhou Province from June to October 2022, and their demographic characteristics, laboratory examination indicators, and dietary frequency were collected. Dietary patterns were analyzed using principal component analysis, and multifactorial Logistic regression analysis was used to explore the influencing factors of IDA in children.

Among 902 children in Guizhou Province, there were 134 cases of ID and 43 cases of IDA, with prevalence rates of 14.86% and 4.77%, respectively. Comparison of the prevalence of ID and IDA among children in various regions of Guizhou Province showed statistically significant differences (P<0.05). Comparison of the prevalence of IDA among children in different urban and rural areas, annual family income, mother's literacy, father's literacy, mode of delivery, birth time, birth mass, number of children, anemia during pregnancy, and children suffering from diarrhea or fever in the last two weeks showed statistically significant differences (P<0.05). The results of principal component analysis showed that the 2 dietary patterns (traditional and animal protein) were more meaningful, and the variance contribution rate of the 2 dietary patterns was 61.427%. The results of multifactorial Logistic regression analysis showed that rural (OR=5.235, 95%CI=2.045-13.402), cesarean section (OR=3.815, 95%CI=1.895-7.680), preterm (OR=4.471, 95%CI=1.709-11.696), and the number of children of 3 or more (OR=5.493, 95%CI=2.236-13.494) were risk factors for IDA in children (P<0.05), and animal protein-based dietary pattern (OR=0.624, 95%CI=0.426-0.916) was a protective factor for IDA in children (P<0.05) .

The urban-rural gap in the prevalence of iron-deficiency anemia among children 6 to 36 months of age in Guizhou is still obvious; rural areas, preterm births, cesarean sections, and the number of children three or more are the risk factors for IDA in children, and animal-protein-based dietary patterns are the protective factors for IDA in children. It is recommended to focus on popularizing caregivers' correct understanding of childhood ID in rural areas, emphasizing the importance of foods such as animal foods, milk, fish and shrimp, and providing targeted guidance on rational feeding.

目前，儿童铁缺乏症（ID）及缺铁性贫血（IDA）患病率虽在全国范围内得到进一步的控制，但西部地区及城乡之间仍存在较大差距，贵州省作为一个多民族、经济水平相对落后的西南省份，饮食结构也较为不同，因此，探讨其儿童铁缺乏现状及IDA影响因素对于居民形成正确膳食习惯和生活方式并防控该类疾病具有重要意义。

了解贵州省6~36月龄儿童铁缺乏现状，并分析6~36月龄儿童IDA的影响因素，为预防ID及IDA提供参考依据。

本研究采用多阶段分层随机抽样法，于2022年6—10月在贵州省抽取902名6~36月龄儿童为研究对象，收集其人口统计特征、实验室检查指标、膳食频率等信息。膳食模式分析采用主成分分析，采用多因素Logistic回归分析探讨儿童IDA的影响因素。

贵州省902例儿童中ID、IDA分别为134、43例，患病率分别为14.86%、4.77%。贵州省各地区儿童ID、IDA患病率比较，差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。不同城乡、家庭年收入、母亲文化程度、父亲文化程度、分娩方式、出生时间、出生体质量、子女个数、妊娠期贫血、近2周患腹泻或发烧儿童IDA患病率比较，差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。主成分分析结果显示，2种膳食模式（传统型和动物蛋白型）较为有意义，2种膳食模式的方差贡献率为61.427%。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示，农村（OR=5.235，95%CI=2.045~13.402）、剖宫产（OR=3.815，95%CI=1.895~7.680）、早产（OR=4.471，95%CI=1.709~11.696）、子女个数3个及以上（OR=5.493，95%CI=2.236~13.494）是儿童IDA的危险因素（P<0.05），动物蛋白型膳食模式（OR=0.624，95%CI=0.426~0.916）是儿童IDA的保护因素（P<0.05）。

贵州省6~36月龄儿童IDA患病率城乡差距仍然明显，农村、早产、剖宫产、子女个数3个及以上是儿童IDA的危险因素，动物蛋白型膳食模式是儿童IDA的保护因素。建议在农村地区着重普及看护人对于儿童ID的正确认识，强调动物性食物、奶类、鱼虾等食物的重要性，有针对性地指导其合理喂养。