Diagnosis and Treatment of Halitosis: a General Practice Perspective

doi:10.12114/j.issn.1007-9572.2023.0650

Chinese General Practice ›› 2025, Vol. 28 ›› Issue (07): 900-904.DOI: 10.12114/j.issn.1007-9572.2023.0650

• Consulting Room of General Practitioner • Previous Articles

Diagnosis and Treatment of Halitosis: a General Practice Perspective

1. Department of General Practice, Longgang Central Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518116, China
2. Shenzhen Clinical College of Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen 518116, China
3. Yuecheng Central Community Health Service Center of Shenzhen Longgang District People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518116, China
4. Department of General Practice, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 311103, China

Received:2023-10-25 Revised:2024-06-13 Published:2025-03-05 Online:2025-01-23
Contact: SUN Junsheng
About author:
YAO Dingye and LUO Guiping are co-first authors

口臭的全科诊疗思路

1．518116　广东省深圳市，龙岗中心医院全科医学科
2．518116　广东省深圳市，广州中医药大学深圳临床医学院
3．518116　广东省深圳市，龙岗区人民医院中央悦城社区健康服务中心
4．311103　浙江省杭州市，浙江大学医学院附属第一医院全科医学科

通讯作者: 孙俊生
作者简介:
姚丁烨与罗桂平为共同第一作者
作者贡献：
姚丁烨负责文章的设计与构思；罗桂平负责文献收集与整理，撰写论文；孙俊生负责文章修改，对文章整体负责；任菁菁负责对文章进行指导及审核。
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金资助项目(72274169); 深圳市龙岗区医学学科建设经费资助; 广东省本科高校教学质量与教学改革工程项目(粤教高函〔2023〕4号)

Abstract

Abstract:

Halitosis is a common clinical disease, which seriously affects the social and mental health of patients. General practitioners play a key role in the diagnosis and treatment of halitosis. Based on the review of the literature, this paper puts forward a set of ideas for the diagnosis and treatment of halitosis from the perspective of general medicine, including medical history inquiry, physical examination, detection methods and treatment strategies. This paper emphasizes the importance of personalized diagnosis and treatment, and points out that general practitioners should pay more attention to and manage patients with halitosis.

Key words: Halitosis, General practitioners, Clinical practice guideline, Quality of life

摘要：

口臭是临床常见疾病，严重影响患者的社交和心理健康。全科医生在口臭的诊疗中扮演着关键角色。本文通过文献回顾，提出了一套全科医学视角下的口臭诊疗思路，包括病史询问、体格检查、检测方法和治疗策略。本文强调了个性化诊疗的重要性，并指出全科医生需提高对口臭患者的关注和管理。

关键词: 口臭, 全科医生, 临床实践指南, 生活质量

CLC Number:

R 781.9

YAO Dingye,LUO Guiping,SUN Junsheng, et al. Diagnosis and Treatment of Halitosis: a General Practice Perspective[J]. Chinese General Practice, 2025, 28(07): 900-904. DOI: 10.12114/j.issn.1007-9572.2023.0650.
姚丁烨,罗桂平,孙俊生等. 口臭的全科诊疗思路[J]. 中国全科医学, 2025, 28(07): 900-904. DOI: 10.12114/j.issn.1007-9572.2023.0650.

Figures/Tables 5

References 18

[1]	AYDIN M, HARVEY-WOODWORTH C N. Halitosis：a new definition and classification[J]. Br Dent J，2014，217(1)：e1.
[2]	孟焕新. 牙周病学[M]. 5版. 北京：人民卫生出版社，2020.
[3]	Aylıkcı B U, COLAK H. Halitosis：from diagnosis to management[J]. J Nat Sci Biol Med，2013，4(1)：14-23.
[4]	刘雪楠，郑树国. 口臭的原因及治疗（一：口臭产生的机制和相关影响因素[J]. 中华口腔医学杂志，2013，48(9)：566-569.
[5]	TANGERMAN A, WINKEL E G. Intra- and extra-oral halitosis：finding of a new form of extra-oral blood-borne halitosis caused by dimethyl sulphide[J]. J Clin Periodontol，2007，34(9)：748-755. DOI：10.1111/j.1600-051X.2007.01116.x.
[6]	WHITTLE C L, FAKHARZADEH S, EADES J, et al. Human breath odors and their use in diagnosis[J]. Ann N Y Acad Sci，2007，1098：252-266. DOI：10.1196/annals.1384.011.
[7]	MURATA T, YAMAGA T, IIDA T, et al. Classification and examination of halitosis[J]. Int Dent J，2002，52(suppl 3)：181-186. DOI：10.1002/j.1875-595x.2002.tb00921.x.
[8]	刘雪楠，徐韬. 口臭的原因及治疗（二）：口臭的检测和治疗[J]. 中华口腔医学杂志，2013，48(10)：627-631.
[9]	BAHARVAND M, MALEKI Z, MOHAMMADI S, et al. Assessment of oral malodor：a comparison of the organoleptic method with sulfide monitoring[J]. J Contemp Dent Pract，2008，9(5)：76-83.
[10]	PHAM T A, UENO M, ZAITSU T, et al. Clinical trial of oral malodor treatment in patients with periodontal diseases[J]. J Periodontal Res，2011，46(6)：722-729.
[11]	MURTAGH J.莫塔全科医学[M]. 8版.北京：人民卫生出版社，2023.
[12]	任菁菁. 全科常见未分化疾病诊疗手册[M]. 2版. 北京：人民卫生出版社，2020.
[13]	陈曦，冯希平. 口源性口臭的治疗[J]. 国外医学口腔医学分册，2004，31(6)：481-482，485.
[14]	YOUNG A, JONSKI G, RÖLLA G. Combined effect of zinc ions and cationic antibacterial agents on intraoral volatile sulphur compounds（VSC）[J]. Int Dent J，2003，53(4)：237-242.
[15]	O'HARA M E, CLUTTON-BROCK T H, GREEN S, et al. Endogenous volatile organic compounds in breath and blood of healthy volunteers：examining breath analysis as a surrogate for blood measurements[J]. J Breath Res，2009，3(2)：027005.
[16]	宋昌娟，赵旦娅，赵俊，等. 陆为民教授治疗口臭经验[J]. 中医临床研究，2022，14(1)：113-115.
[17]	王敏，喻斌. 喻斌教授从脾胃积热论治口臭[J]. 光明中医，2023，38(8)：1469-1472.
[18]	李垚，王丽亚，郑玉，等. 肾阳虚型口源性口臭的临床证治探讨[J]. 中国中医基础医学杂志，2022，28(5)：813-815.

分类	描述
TN-1	对口臭的原因进行解释并对患者进行口腔卫生指导(重点强调自我口腔保健以改善个体的口腔卫生状况)
TN-2	口腔预防措施，对口腔疾病特别是牙周疾病进行专业诊治和治疗
TN-3	向内科医生和相关专科医生转诊
TN-4	对检查结果进行解释，进一步对患者进行相关专业知识的宣传、教育，使其确信自己不存在口臭
TN-5	向临床心理学家、心理专家转诊

分类	描述
TN-1	对口臭的原因进行解释并对患者进行口腔卫生指导(重点强调自我口腔保健以改善个体的口腔卫生状况)
TN-2	口腔预防措施，对口腔疾病特别是牙周疾病进行专业诊治和治疗
TN-3	向内科医生和相关专科医生转诊
TN-4	对检查结果进行解释，进一步对患者进行相关专业知识的宣传、教育，使其确信自己不存在口臭
TN-5	向临床心理学家、心理专家转诊

类型	治疗需求
真性口臭
生理性口臭	TN-1
病理性口臭
口源性口臭	TN-1+TN-2
非口源性口臭	TN-1+TN-3
假性口臭	TN-1+TN-4
口臭恐怖症	TN-1+TN-5

类型	治疗需求
真性口臭
生理性口臭	TN-1
病理性口臭
口源性口臭	TN-1+TN-2
非口源性口臭	TN-1+TN-3
假性口臭	TN-1+TN-4
口臭恐怖症	TN-1+TN-5

Diagnosis and Treatment of Halitosis: a General Practice Perspective

口臭的全科诊疗思路

RichHTML

PDF

Knowledge

Abstract

Cite this article

share this article

Figures/Tables 5

References 18

Related Articles 15

Recommended Articles

Metrics

Comments

[1]	CUI Yajia, JIN Guanghui. The Current Status of the Quality of Family Doctor Contract Services Based on General Practitioners' Perspectives: a Semi-structured Interview Study [J]. Chinese General Practice, 2026, 29(02): 148-154.
[2]	REN Panpan, JIA Changli, JIA Jingjing, XU Jinglin, CHEN Mengyao, ZHANG Xiang. The Impact of Livelihood Capitals on the Quality of Life of Rural Older Adults: a Study Based on Different Chronic Disease Conditions [J]. Chinese General Practice, 2026, 29(01): 129-136.
[3]	TIAN Tian, ZHANG Fei, ZHANG Xuan, LI Minglin, WANG Jiahe. Bibliometrics on General Practitioner Training Domestically and Internationally from 2013 to 2023 [J]. Chinese General Practice, 2026, 29(01): 50-57.
[4]	WANG Yang, PAN Ying, JIN Hua, YANG Hui, Smith Helen Elizabeth, YU Dehua. The Research Environment and Reward Preferences of Primary Care Practitioners in the Shanghai General Practice Research Network: a Mixed Methods Study [J]. Chinese General Practice, 2026, 29(01): 24-34.
[5]	LIU Ruihong, CHEN Kai, LI Zhuo, SUN Zuoya, CHEN Zhiyuan. Diagnostic Strategies for Medically Unexplained Symptoms [J]. Chinese General Practice, 2025, 28(35): 4397-4402.
[6]	WANG Lizhu, LI Sihan, WANG Xinyi, MAO Sunxi, QIU Yang, WANG Zhonghua. Pathway Analysis of the Impact of Diabetes Knowledge and Self-efficacy on Self-management and Quality of Survival among Rural Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Based on ITHBC Modeling [J]. Chinese General Practice, 2025, 28(34): 4351-4358.
[7]	AO Wenhua, LIN Chunmei, ZHANG Yanchun, ZHANG Lifang, LI Sisi, QIN Jiangmei. Policy and Practice of Use and Incentive of Rural Targeted General Practitioners in China [J]. Chinese General Practice, 2025, 28(34): 4282-4289.
[8]	ZHI Congcong, CHENG Yicheng, HUANG Zichen, WANG Xiaolong, LI Xue, ZHENG Lihua. Collection and Determination of Clinical Questions and Outcome Indicators Based on the Guidelines for Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Diagnosis and Treatment of Hemorrhoids (2025 Edition) [J]. Chinese General Practice, 2025, 28(32): 4089-4094.
[9]	FANG Junze, GAO Huaiting, XING Suxia, WANG Yu. The Effectiveness Evaluation of Artificial Intelligence Assisted Diagnosis System for Chest Diseases in the Diagnosis of General Practitioners in Primary Healthcare Institutions [J]. Chinese General Practice, 2025, 28(31): 3948-3953.
[10]	ZHANG Hui, YANG Jianjun, HE Guoshu, XING Guoqiang, REN Jingjing. The Cognitive Status of the Prescription of Chinese Patent Medicines and Training Needs of General Practitioners in China [J]. Chinese General Practice, 2025, 28(31): 3954-3960.
[11]	LIANG Zhenning, ZHOU Qingping, LIU Hanyue, ZHAN Shengfan, YU Yao, QIAN Yi. The Fairness of Human Resource Allocation of Geriatric General Practitioners in China under the Background of Population Aging [J]. Chinese General Practice, 2025, 28(28): 3507-3511.
[12]	PANG Shu, CHEN Xiangxue, DIAO Yang, WANG Yini, JIANG Chunyan. The Treatment of Chronic Disease and Symptoms of an Unknown Etiology in the General Medicine Ward of Tertiary Comprehensive Hospital in Beijing [J]. Chinese General Practice, 2025, 28(28): 3525-3531.
[13]	CHEN Dongran, XU Peilan, DING Lei, LI Yuhua. Equity Analysis and Demand Forecast of General Practitioner Allocation in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region [J]. Chinese General Practice, 2025, 28(28): 3512-3517.
[14]	HAN Xiao, LI Qiyu, GE Pu, FAN Siyuan, LIU Diyue, WU Yibo, ZHANG Qingshuang. The Impact of Behavioral Lifestyle on Quality of Life in Hypertensive Patients [J]. Chinese General Practice, 2025, 28(26): 3248-3258.
[15]	WU Yue, WANG Xuetong, KE Bilian. Evaluation of Vision-related Quality of Life in Myopic Macular Degeneration Patients with Low Vision and Associated Factors [J]. Chinese General Practice, 2025, 28(23): 2908-2914.