The aging of Chinese society has intensified, and the health of the elderly is a matter of great concern. As a densely populated and economically active area, the health of the elderly population in Huangpu District, Guangzhou City, is particularly important to the social and economic development of the local community. Therefore, regular monitoring and assessment of the health of the elderly population in Huangpu District can help identify potential health problems, prevent and control chronic diseases, and improve health literacy and self-care ability.

This study collects data on health checkups of the elderly population in Huangpu District and establishes a retrospective cohort to gain an in-depth understanding of the health status of the elderly population in the district, the influencing factors of diseases, and to provide reasonable suggestions for the development of targeted health interventions to improve the quality of life of the elderly.

Physical examination data were collected from 2019-2021 from Huangpu District, Guangzhou City, who participated in community health checkups and were≥65 years old, and the study involved basic information, history of living habits, auxiliary examinations, laboratory tests, and history of previous illnesses of the study subjects. Logistic regression analysis was performed on the influencing factors of the diseases.

A total of 17 412 study subjects were included in the analysis of this study. In the "baseline-follow-up" cohort, there were statistically significant differences (P<0.05) in the prevalence of exercise, smoking, alcohol consumption, diastolic blood pressure, BMI, waist circumference, fasting blood glucose, blood creatinine, glomerular filtration rate, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-Ｃ), hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, and chronic kidney disease (CKD). Differences in terms of were statistically significant (P<0.05). The proportion of developing hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, or CKD at follow-up in the cohort population was 3.07%, 7.25%, 21.92%, and 6.00%, respectively. In participants with new-onset chronic disease at follow-up, 45.63% had comorbidities. Multifactorial logistic regression analysis: Risk factors for the prevalence of hypertension included age, pulse rate, and BMI; glomerular filtration rate and HDL-C were protective factors. Risk factors for the development of diabetes mellitus included age, systolic blood pressure, and BMI; and HDL-C was the main protective factor (P<0.05). Risk factors for dyslipidemia include systolic blood pressure. Risk factors for the development of CKD include age, systolic blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, and triglycerides (P<0.05) ; HDL-C was a protective factor (P<0.05) .

The prevalence of dyslipidemia was higher among the study population in the present study, followed by diabetes mellitus and CKD. Multiple chronic diseases predominantly suffer from both diseases. Age, systolic blood pressure, and BMI were the main risk factors for the development of chronic diseases among the elderly people who participated in the physical examination in this study. In response to the analysis, it is recommended to make full use of the health records based on the optimization of information technology, implementation of targeted interventions, leveraging community strengths as well as strengthening health education and health promotion to improve the health of the elderly.

中国社会老龄化加剧，老年人群健康问题备受关注。广州市黄埔区作为人口密集、经济活跃区域，老年人群健康对当地社会经济发展尤为重要。对黄埔区老年人群健康进行定期监测与评估，有助于发现潜在健康问题，预防和控制慢性病，提升老年人健康素养与自我保健能力。

本研究通过收集黄埔区老年人群健康体检数据，建立回顾性队列，深入分析其健康状况与疾病影响因素，为制定针对性干预措施提供建议，进而提升老年人生活质量。

收集广州市黄埔区2019—2021年参加社区健康体检、年龄≥65岁居民的一般资料和体检资料（体格检查中的脉率、血压、身高、体质量、腰围；实验室检查的血常规、肾功能、血糖和血脂等实验室指标）。评估健康状况时主要关注BMI、血压、空腹血糖、血脂等体检指标，以及高血压、糖尿病、血脂异常和慢性肾脏疾病等检出与发病情况。以研究对象的首次体检情况作为基线，分别筛选出基线队列中已患有的高血压、糖尿病、血脂异常和慢性肾脏病的人群和未患相关疾病的人群，以末次体检情况作为随访结局，分别得到随访队列中患有高血压、糖尿病、血脂异常、慢性肾脏病病例数和未患相关疾病的人数，随访病例数减去基线病例数即为新发高血压、糖尿病、血脂异常和慢性肾脏病患者数。采用Logistic回归模型分析队列人群中新发慢性病的影响因素。

本研究最终纳入17 412名对象进行分析。基线和随访时运动情况、吸烟情况和饮酒情况、舒张压、BMI、腰围、空腹血糖、血肌酐、肾小球滤过率、三酰甘油、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇，以及高血压、糖尿病、血脂异常和慢性肾脏病发病率比较，差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。随访中，高血压、糖尿病、血脂异常和慢性肾脏病的发病率分别为3.07%、7.25%、21.92%、6.00%。新发病例中，45.63%存在共病。Logistic回归分析结果显示，高血压与年龄、脉率和BMI呈正相关关系（P<0.05），与肾小球滤过率和高密度脂蛋白胆固醇呈负相关关系（P<0.05）；糖尿病与年龄、收缩压和BMI吴正相关关系（P<0.05），高密度脂蛋白胆固醇为保护因素（P<0.05）；血脂异常与收缩压呈正相关关系（P<0.05）；慢性肾脏病与年龄、收缩压、空腹血糖和三酰甘油呈正相关关系，高密度脂蛋白胆固醇为保护因素（P<0.05）。

在本研究中研究对象血脂异常发病率较高，其次是糖尿病和慢性肾脏病。多重慢性病以患两种疾病为主。年龄、收缩压和BMI是本研究中参与体检的老年人慢性病发病的主要危险因素。针对分析结果，建议在充分利用健康档案基础上，通过优化信息技术、实施针对性的干预措施、发挥社区力量以及加强健康教育和健康促进工作来提升老年人健康水平。