Chinese General Practice ›› 2025, Vol. 28 ›› Issue (14): 1717-1722.DOI: 10.12114/j.issn.1007-9572.2024.0113

• Original Research • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Analysis of the Influencing Factors for Depression of Female Caregivers of Left-behind Children in Rural Area in China

  

  1. 1. Department of Maternal and Child Health, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing 100191, China
    2. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
  • Received:2024-03-10 Revised:2024-07-10 Published:2025-05-15 Online:2025-03-06
  • Contact: WANG Xiaoli

中国农村地区留守儿童女性看护人抑郁的影响因素研究

  

  1. 1.100191 北京市,北京大学公共卫生学院妇幼卫生学系
    2.100191 北京市,北京大学第三医院妇产科
  • 通讯作者: 王晓莉
  • 作者简介:

    作者贡献:

    夏玉雯负责数据分析,结果解释,撰写论文;石慧峰负责文章构思与框架设计;李梦诗负责整理数据,文章的修订;张敬旭负责研究的构思与设计,文章的修订;王晓莉负责文章的质量控制与审查,对文章整体负责,监督管理。

  • 基金资助:
    联合国儿童基金会"贫困地区留守儿童健康和发展促进项目"(0860/A0/05/502)

Abstract:

Background

The majority of caregivers of left-behind children in rural China are their mothers and grandmothers. The mental health of children's caregivers is one of the significant factors affecting the early development of children. Currently, there is a lack of research and comparison on the factors influencing depression among mothers and grandmothers of left-behind children in rural China.

Objective

To investigate the determinants of depression among female caregivers of left-behind children in rural China.

Methods

Data were collected from the baseline survey of the Home Visit Intervention Evaluation Segment of the Health and Development Promotion Program for Left-behind Children, conducted by UNICEF from April to July in 2018. The villages were selected through multi-stage stratified sampling. 1 or 2 towns were chosen as program towns in each of the 5 impoverished counties in 5 provinces. Villages in program towns were stratified by number of under-3-year-old children except Pingshan, where all villages from the program town were included. Three villages were randomly selected in each stratum as intervention villages, matched with control villages of similar number of under-3-year-old children, socioeconomic status and the distance from county. Ultimately 113 villages in 27 towns were included in the survey. This study focused on the mothers and grandmothers of left-behind children under 3. Questionnaire was used to collect the data of left-behind children under 3 years old and their main caregivers participating in the survey, and Zung Self-rating Depression Scale (ZSDS) was used to assess the depression status of caregivers. Multivariate Logistic regression was used to analyze the determinants of depression in the main caregivers of left-behind children.

Results

A total of 728 subjects were included in this study, including 282 mothers and 446 grandmothers. The overall incidence of depressive symptoms was 32.8% (239/728) . The prevalence of depression among mothers and grandmothers of left-behind children was 29.8% (84/282) and 34.8% (115/446) respectively, with no statistical significance between two groups (P>0.05) . Multivariate Logistic analysis revealed that for mothers, caring for 1-year-old children (OR=2.041, 95%CI=1.065-3.913) , 2-3-year-old children (OR=2.128, 95%CI=1.023-4.425) , and experiencing caregiving stress (OR=4.043, 95%CI=2.152-7.594) were risk factors for depression (P<0.05) . A mean communication time ≥10 minutes per time with absent fathers (OR=0.396, 95%CI=0.175-0.898) was a protective factor against maternal depression (P<0.05) . For grandmothers, looking after girls rather than boys (OR=0.506, 95%CI=0.331-0.772) was a protective factor for depression (P<0.05) . Conversely, being 60 years or older (OR=1.879, 95%CI=1.082-3.261) , self-rated health status affecting caregiving (OR=2.402, 95%CI=1.364-4.231) and children's mothers cumulative longer absence from home (OR=2.468, 95%CI=1.059-5.751) were the risk factors for depression (P<0.05) .

Conclusion

The incidence of depression among female caregivers of left-behind children in rural China is high. Mothers and grandmothers, as the primary caregivers of most left-behind children, experience different factors affecting depression. Older children, high caregiving stress are risk factors for maternal depression, whereas greater communication with the children's fathers is protective factor for maternal depression. Grandmothers face a higher risk of depression when advanced age, self-report health status affacts caregiving, and children's mothers are absent from home for extended period, while caring for a granddaughter is a protective factor against grandmother's depression.

Key words: Depression, Caregiver, Left-behind children, Rural left-behind women, Root cause analysis

摘要:

背景

我国农村绝大多数留守儿童看护人为儿童的母亲和祖母,儿童看护人的心理健康是儿童早期发展的重要影响因素之一,目前缺少对留守儿童母亲和祖母抑郁影响因素的研究和比较。

目的

研究中国农村地区留守儿童看护人中母亲和祖母抑郁的影响因素。

方法

本研究数据来自联合国儿童基金会2018年4—7月开展的"贫困地区留守儿童健康和发展促进项目"家访干预项目的基线调查。采用多阶段分层抽样方法,在5个省的5个贫困县内各选取1~2个乡镇作为项目乡镇。平山县项目乡镇的所有村纳入调查,其他项目乡镇的村根据3岁以下儿童的数量进行分层,每层内随机抽取3个村作为干预村。在同县具有相似3岁以下儿童数量、经济水平以及与县城距离的村中匹配对照村。最终27个镇的113个村庄纳入基线调查,选取3岁以下留守儿童的母亲或祖母为研究对象。采用问卷收集留守儿童及其主要看护人的资料,并使用Zung氏抑郁自评量表(ZSDS)评估看护人的抑郁情况。采用多因素Logistic回归分析探讨留守儿童主要看护人抑郁的影响因素。

结果

本研究共纳入728名调查对象,其中282名为儿童母亲,446名为祖母。728名调查对象抑郁检出率为32.8%(239/728),留守儿童母亲和祖母的抑郁检出率分别为29.8%(84/282)和34.8%(155/446)。留守儿童母亲和祖母的抑郁检出率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,儿童年龄为1~岁(OR=2.041,95%CI=1.065~3.913)、2~3岁(OR=2.128,95%CI=1.023~4.425),有看护压力(OR=4.043,95%CI=2.152~7.594)是留守儿童母亲发生抑郁的危险因素(P<0.05),与外出父亲平均联系时长≥10 min/次(OR=0.396,95%CI=0.175~0.898)是留守儿童母亲发生抑郁的保护因素(P<0.05)。儿童为女童(OR=0.506,95%CI=0.331~0.772)是留守儿童祖母发生抑郁的保护因素(P<0.05),看护人年龄≥60岁(OR=1.879,95%CI=1.082~3.261)、健康状况影响看护(OR=2.402,95%CI=1.364~4.231)、母亲外出务工累计时长占儿童年龄比例高(OR=2.468,95%CI=1.059~5.751)是留守儿童祖母发生抑郁的危险因素(P<0.05)。

结论

中国农村地区留守儿童女性看护人抑郁发生率高,儿童母亲和祖母作为绝大多数留守儿童的主要看护人,具有不同的抑郁影响因素。儿童年龄较大、看护压力大为母亲抑郁危险因素,与儿童父亲交流较多为母亲抑郁保护因素,高年龄、自评健康状况影响看护以及儿童母亲外出时间较长为祖母抑郁危险因素,看护女童为祖母抑郁保护因素。

关键词: 抑郁, 看护人, 留守儿童, 农村留守女性, 影响因素分析

CLC Number: