Chinese General Practice ›› 2026, Vol. 29 ›› Issue (21): 2995-3003.DOI: 10.12114/j.issn.1007-9572.2025.0487

• Article·Specific Research·Diabetes • Previous Articles    

Study on Risk Factors and Nomogram Prediction Model for Diabetic Kidney Disease: Based on Contrast-enhanced Ultrasound Technology

  

  1. 1. Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China
    2. The Second Department of Nephrology and Endocrinology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China
    3. Department of Endocrinology, Tongxiang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tongxiang 314500, China
    4. Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China
    5. The Third Affiliated Hospital of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
  • Received:2025-10-25 Revised:2026-04-10 Published:2026-07-20 Online:2026-06-03
  • Contact: YU Zexing, XIAO Yonghua

糖尿病肾病影响因素及列线图预测模型研究:基于超声造影技术

  

  1. 1.100700 北京市,北京中医药大学东直门医院
    2.100700 北京市,北京中医药大学东直门医院肾病内分泌Ⅱ科
    3.314500 浙江省桐乡市中医医院内分泌科
    4.100020 北京市,首都医科大学附属北京朝阳医院
    5.100029 北京市,北京中医药大学第三附属医院
  • 通讯作者: 于泽兴, 肖永华
  • 作者简介:

    作者贡献:

    安艳红提出研究思路,收集临床资料,进行统计学分析并对论文起草;王世东负责监督研究过程的实施;李潇然、郭家扬负责数据清洗;王哲负责研究实施;沙培林、孟怡珺、李小萱、石雪负责数据收集、采集、清洗;于泽兴、肖永华负责最终版本修订,对论文负责。

  • 基金资助:
    首都卫生发展科研专项项目(首发2024-2-2032); 第五批全国中医临床优秀人才研修项目资助(国中医药人教函〔2022〕1号)

Abstract:

Background

Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a typical microvascular complication characterized by insidious onset and poor prognosis. Conventional contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) can visualize the microvasculature; however, the bolus injection method involves a high contrast agent concentration and rapid infusion rate, which tends to produce a "flooding" effect. In contrast, the intravenous drip "flash-replenishment" CEUS technique can stably and accurately evaluate microcirculatory hemodynamic changes in renal tissue of DKD patients, potentially providing an imaging basis for the early identification of microcirculatory impairment in DKD.

Objective

To investigate the value of quantitative parameters derived from intravenous drip "flash-replenishment" CEUS in assessing DKD microcirculation, to construct and validate a CEUS parameter-based risk prediction model for DKD, and to evaluate its clinical value in the early diagnosis of DKD.

Methods

A prospective study was conducted enrolling 85 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) who visited the outpatient clinic or were hospitalized at Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, from November 2024 to September 2025. Based on urinary protein levels, patients were categorized into the DM-only group (n=27), early-stage DKD group (n=38), and clinical-stage DKD group (n=20). Healthy subjects were concurrently recruited as the healthy control group (n=13). Baseline data were collected from all participants, followed by conventional ultrasound, Doppler ultrasound, and CEUS examinations. The LASSO regression was used for variable selection. The dataset was divided into a training set and a validation set at a ratio of 7∶3. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis was performed on the training set to develop a nomogram prediction model. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, Hosmer-Lemeshow (H-L) goodness-of-fit test, and decision curve analysis (DCA) were applied to the training and validation sets to evaluate the model's discriminative ability, calibration, and clinical utility, respectively.

Results

Significant differences were observed among the healthy control, DM-only, early-stage DKD, and clinical-stage DKD groups in age, systolic blood pressure (SBP) (P<0.05). Doppler ultrasound: statistically significant differences were found in diastolic velocity (Vd) and resistive index (RI) of the renal artery, segmental artery, and interlobar artery among the four groups (P<0.05). CEUS: statistically significant differences were found in cortical time to peak (TTP), cortical wash-in rate (WiR), cortical half WiR, cortical mean transit time (mTT), medullary peak intensity (PKI), medullary WiR, and medullary half WiR among the four groups (P<0.05). LASSO regression analysis identified two predictors associated with DKD risk: duration of diabetes and cortical WiR. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis confirmed that duration of diabetes (OR=1.169, 95%CI=1.069-1.279) and cortical WiR (OR=0.694, 95%CI=0.499-0.964) were independent predictors of DKD (P<0.05). The ROC curves of the nomogram model showed an AUC of 0.880 (95%CI=0.790-0.969) in the training set and 0.838 (95%CI=0.678-0.998) in the validation set. The H-L goodness-of-fit test indicated mild calibration deviation in the training set (P=0.044) and good calibration in the validation set (P=0.209); combined with calibration curve metrics (training set Eavg=0.081, validation set Eavg=0.124), the overall model calibration was acceptable. DCA showed that the model achieved net benefit superior to the "treat-all" and "treat-none" strategies across a wide range of threshold probabilities (training set 0.09-0.99, validation set 0.08-0.83), demonstrating good clinical applicability.

Conclusion

This study found that longer duration of diabetes and lower cortical WiR are independent predictors of DKD. A nomogram prediction model incorporating these risk factors was established, demonstrating satisfactory overall performance and confirming the value of CEUS in the early diagnosis of DKD.

Key words: Diabetic nephropathies, Diabetes mellitus, type 2, Ultrasonography, Phlebography, Nomograms, Prediction model, Risk factors, Logistic regression

摘要:

背景

糖尿病肾病(DKD)是典型的微血管病变,起病隐匿,预后不佳。常规超声造影技术(CEUS)可对微血管进行显影,但采用的团注方法造影剂浓度高,输注速度快,易产生"淹没"效应,而使用静脉滴注"爆破-再灌注"CEUS技术可稳定、准确地评估DKD肾组织微循环血流动力学改变,有望为DKD微循环障碍的早期识别提供影像学依据。

目的

探讨静脉滴注"爆破-再灌注"CEUS定量参数在DKD微循环评估中的价值,构建基于CEUS参数的DKD风险预测模型并进行验证,评估其在DKD早期诊断中的临床应用价值。

方法

前瞻性收集2024年11月—2025年9月就诊于北京中医药大学东直门医院门诊及住院的85例2型糖尿病患者为研究对象,依据尿蛋白水平分为单纯糖尿病(DM)组(n=27)、DKD早期组(n=38)、DKD临床期组(n=20),并同期招募健康受试者作为健康组(n=13)。收集所有受试者的基线资料,并行常规超声、多普勒超声和CEUS检测。采用LASSO回归筛选变量。将数据集按照7∶3的比例划分为训练集和验证集,训练集数据采用多因素Logistic回归分析并建立列线图预测模型。对训练集和验证集数据分别采用受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线、Hosmer-Lemeshow(H-L)拟合优度检验和决策曲线分析(DCA)评价模型的区分度、校准度和临床应用价值。

结果

健康组、单纯DM组、DKD早期组、DKD临床期组的年龄、收缩压(SBP)比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。多普勒超声:健康组、单纯DM组、DKD早期组、DKD临床期组肾脏肾动脉、段动脉、叶间动脉的舒张期流速(Vd)和阻力指数(RI)比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。超声造影:健康组、单纯DM组、DKD早期组、DKD临床期组皮质达峰时间(TTP)、皮质上升斜率(WiR)、皮质减半WiR、皮质平均通过时间(mTT)、髓质达峰强度(PKI)、髓质WiR、髓质减半WiR比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。LASSO回归分析筛选出糖尿病病程和皮质WiR 2个与DKD发生风险相关的预测变量。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,糖尿病病程(OR=1.169,95%CI=1.069~1.279)、皮质WiR(OR=0.694,95%CI=0.499~0.964)是DKD发生的独立预测因子(P<0.05)。绘制列线图模型预测DKD发生风险的ROC曲线,结果显示,训练集ROC曲线下面积(AUC)为0.880(95%CI=0.790~0.969),验证集AUC为0.838(95%CI=0.678~0.998)。经H-L拟合优度检验评估,训练集存在轻度校准偏差(P=0.044),验证集模型校准度良好(P=0.209),结合校准曲线指标(训练集Eavg=0.081,验证集Eavg=0.124),模型整体校准表现尚可。DCA结果显示,模型在较宽的阈值概率范围内(训练集0.09~0.99,验证集0.08~0.83)净获益均优于极端策略,具有良好的临床应用价值。

结论

本研究发现糖尿病病程长、皮质WiR小是DKD发生的独立预测因子,建立了包含以上危险因素的列线图预测模型,模型综合性能较好,证明了CEUS在DKD早期诊断中的应用价值。

关键词: 糖尿病肾病, 糖尿病,2型, 超声检查, 静脉造影, 列线图, 预测模型, 危险因素, Logistic回归