中国全科医学 ›› 2026, Vol. 29 ›› Issue (09): 1146-1154.DOI: 10.12114/j.issn.1007-9572.2025.0307

• 论著 • 上一篇    下一篇

澳门学龄前儿童BMI百分位标准曲线及消瘦、超重和肥胖趋势研究

张三花1,2, 陈小龙1, 张彦峰3,*()   

  1. 1.311121 浙江省杭州市,浙江省哲学社会科学实验室"杭州师范大学婴幼儿发展与托育实验室"
    2.311121 浙江省杭州市,杭州师范大学经亨颐教育学院
    3.100061 北京市,国家体育总局体育科学研究所
  • 收稿日期:2025-09-19 修回日期:2025-12-02 出版日期:2026-03-20 发布日期:2026-01-28
  • 通讯作者: 张彦峰

  • 作者贡献:

    张三花、张彦峰负责文章构思与整体框架设计、实施具体研究过程;张彦峰负责数据收集;陈小龙负责数据统计学分析、图表绘制等;张三花、陈小龙负责论文撰写;张彦峰对文章质量进行控制与审校,监督管理;所有作者确认了论文的最终稿。

  • 基金资助:
    澳门特别行政区政府体育局与国家体育总局体育科学研究所联合横向项目(b2117); 浙江省教育科学规划重点课题(2021SB021)

BMI Percentile Reference Curves and Trends in Thinness, Overweight, and Obesity among Preschool Children in Macao

ZHANG Sanhua1,2, CHEN Xiaolong1, ZHANG Yanfeng3,*()   

  1. 1. Zhejiang Philosophy and Social Science Laboratory for Research in Early Development and Childcare, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
    2. Jing Hengyi School of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
    3. China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing 100061, China
  • Received:2025-09-19 Revised:2025-12-02 Published:2026-03-20 Online:2026-01-28
  • Contact: ZHANG Yanfeng

摘要: 背景 近年来超重、肥胖呈低龄化趋势蔓延,严重影响着儿童当下及未来健康。在国家启动"体重管理年"活动之际,澳门特区政府《健康澳门蓝图》将肥胖防控纳入2030年目标,推动从"被动治病"转向"主动防病",因此,制订澳门本土化学龄前儿童BMI科学评价工具具有重要意义。 目的 建立澳门学龄前儿童BMI精准体质评估标准体系,并探究消瘦、超重和肥胖的年龄趋势和年代趋势,为提升澳门学龄前儿童生长发育水平提供参考。 方法 数据来源于澳门特区政府体育局在2005、2010、2015、2020年在国家体育总局体育科学研究所技术支援下完成的市民体质监测,选取学龄前儿童为研究对象,4次体质监测儿童人数分别为1 044、1 065、1 072、1 113名。分性别、年龄收集纳入儿童的身高、体重数据,进而得出BMI。采用GAMLSS模型构建BMI百分位标准曲线,并划分消瘦、超重和肥胖临界值。 结果 将澳门2005、2010、2015、2025年4次监测数据合并后学龄前儿童总人数为4 294名,其中男童2 612名(60.8%)、女童1 682名(39.2%),平均年龄为(4.2±1.0)岁,平均BMI为(15.4±1.6)kg/m2。采用GAMLSS模型得到澳门学龄前儿童BMI百分位标准曲线及参考值、百分制评分标准和消瘦、正常、超重和肥胖4个等级区间,构建了兼具个性化精准评估、百分制和等级制的BMI多维评估标准体系。BMI百分位标准曲线随年龄增长先降后升,且男、女童最低点分别在5岁和5.5岁。应用研究发现,2005—2020年澳门学龄前儿童超重率、肥胖率略有增加但无显著性趋势(P>0.05)。 结论 本研究为澳门学龄前儿童提供了个性化的BMI精准评估工具,澳门学龄前儿童BMI百分位标准曲线随年龄增长先降后升,且男、女童最低点分别在5岁和5.5岁。建议创造条件增加学龄前儿童户外活动和睡眠时间,并减少屏幕暴露时间等,遏制肥胖低龄化趋势。

关键词: 儿童,学龄前, BMI, 百分位标准曲线, 超重, 肥胖, 趋势, 澳门

Abstract:

Background

In recent years, the prevalence of overweight and obesity has increasingly shifted toward younger ages, posing substantial risks to both the immediate and long-term health of children. In line with China's "Weight Management Year" initiative, the Macao SAR Government has incorporated obesity prevention into the Healthy Macao 2030 Blueprint, promoting a shift from passive treatment to proactive prevention. Therefore, developing a localized and scientifically sound BMI assessment tool for preschool children in Macao is of great significance.

Objective

To establish age- and sex-specific BMI percentile reference curves for preschool children in Macao, and to examine age and secular trends in thinness, overweight, and obesity, thereby providing evidence to support the improvement of growth and developmental health among Macao preschoolers.

Methods

Data were obtained from four rounds of Macao SAR Government physical fitness surveillance conducted in 2005, 2010, 2015, and 2020 with technical support from the China Institute of Sport Science. Preschool children were included, with sample sizes of 1 044, 1 065, 1 072, and 1 113 in the four respective years. Height and weight were collected and stratified by sex and age. BMI percentile curves were generated using the GAMLSS model to determine cut-offs for thinness, overweight, and obesity.

Result

A total of 4 294 children [2 612 boys (60.8%) and 1 682 girls (39.2%); mean age (4.2±1.0) years; mean BMI (15.4±1.6) kg/m2] were included. Using the GAMLSS approach, we developed BMI percentile reference curves, a percentile-based scoring system, and cut-offs for thinness, normal weight, overweight, and obesity, forming a multidimensional BMI assessment framework integrating individualized precision evaluation, percentile scoring, and categorical classifications. The BMI curves declined and then rose with age, with nadirs at approximately 5 years for boys and 5.5 years for girls. Trend analyses showed slight increases in overweight and obesity rates from 2005 to 2020, but no statistically significant trends (P>0.05).

Conclusion

This study providing an individualized and accurate BMI evaluation tool for Macao preschool children, the BMI curves of Macao preschool children declined and then rose with age, with nadirs at approximately 5 years for boys and 5.5 years for girls. It is recommended that Macao increase opportunities for outdoor physical activity and sleep while reducing screen time to curb the early onset of childhood obesity.

Key words: Child, preschool, BMI, Percentile reference curve, Overweight, Obesity, Trends, Macao