
Chinese General Practice ›› 2026, Vol. 29 ›› Issue (21): 2959-2966.DOI: 10.12114/j.issn.1007-9572.2025.0177
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Received:2025-06-24
Revised:2025-08-08
Published:2026-07-20
Online:2026-06-03
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ZHANG Weisen
通讯作者:
张维森
作者简介:作者贡献:
柴智浩负责数据清洗、分析,文章撰写与修改;张维森负责数据收集,提出研究思路,指导文章撰写并审阅修改,最终版本修订;罗娇玲负责数据分析与文章撰写;朱峰、朱彤、靳雅丽、潘静、卢映君、江朝强负责数据收集,对文章进行审阅修改。
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| 基本特征 | 认知功能(MMSE得分) | 短期记忆功能(DWRT得分) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 正常(n=7 771) | MCI(n=1 120) | χ2(t)值 | P值 | 正常(n=7 085) | MMI(n=1 806) | χ2(t)值 | P值 | |
| 年龄( | 59.1±7.2 | 65.0±8.7 | 120.811a | <0.001 | 58.9±7.2 | 63.3±8.6 | 161.541a | <0.001 |
| BMI( | 23.8±3.3 | 23.8±3.5 | 8.970a | 0.676 | 23.8±3.3 | 23.8±3.4 | 4.536a | 0.875 |
| 性别[例(%)] | 24.733 | <0.001 | 60.506 | <0.001 | ||||
| 男 | 2 013(25.9) | 213(19.0) | 1 646(23.2) | 580(32.1) | ||||
| 女 | 5 758(74.1) | 907(81.0) | 5 439(76.8) | 1 226(67.9) | ||||
| 婚姻状况[例(%)] | 177.787 | <0.001 | 61.857 | <0.001 | ||||
| 已婚 | 6 632(85.3) | 778(69.5) | 6 016(84.9) | 1 394(77.2) | ||||
| 单身 | 1 139(14.7) | 342(30.5) | 1 069(15.1) | 412(22.8) | ||||
| 少儿期父母识/写字[例(%)] | 595.618 | <0.001 | 300.703 | <0.001 | ||||
| 父母均不识/写字 | 1 040(13.3) | 440(39.3) | 970(13.7) | 510(28.2) | ||||
| 父或母识/写字 | 3 502(45.1) | 527(47.1) | 3 169(44.7) | 860(47.6) | ||||
| 父母均识/写字 | 3 229(41.6) | 153(13.6) | 2 946(41.6) | 436(24.2) | ||||
| 文化程度[例(%)] | 496.476 | <0.001 | 283.944 | <0.001 | ||||
| 初中及以下 | 4 670(60.1) | 1 055(94.2) | 4 256(60.1) | 1 469(81.3) | ||||
| 高中及以上 | 3 101(39.9) | 65(5.8) | 2 829(39.9) | 337(18.7) | ||||
| 家庭年收入[例(%)] | 357.827 | <0.001 | 182.479 | <0.001 | ||||
| <30 000元 | 3 688(47.5) | 870(77.7) | 3 376(47.6) | 1 182(65.4) | ||||
| ≥30 000元 | 4 083(52.5) | 250(22.3) | 3 709(52.4) | 624(34.6) | ||||
| 职业[例(%)] | 159.972 | <0.001 | 43.051 | <0.001 | ||||
| 手工业或其他 | 6 007(77.3) | 1 049(93.7) | 5 522(77.9) | 1 534(84.9) | ||||
| 非手工业 | 1 764(22.7) | 71(6.3) | 1 563(22.1) | 272(15.1) | ||||
| 吸烟状况[例(%)] | 1.056 | 0.590 | 62.655 | <0.001 | ||||
| 从不吸烟 | 6 436(82.8) | 914(81.6) | 5 970(84.3) | 1 380(76.4) | ||||
| 已戒烟 | 579(7.5) | 91(8.1) | 478(6.7) | 192(10.6) | ||||
| 目前吸烟 | 756(9.7) | 115(10.3) | 637(9.0) | 234(13.0) | ||||
| 饮酒状况[例(%)] | 117.851 | <0.001 | 60.401 | <0.001 | ||||
| 从不饮酒 | 3 787(48.7) | 724(64.6) | 3 467(48.9) | 1 044(57.8) | ||||
| 已戒酒 | 138(1.8) | 34(3.1) | 122(1.8) | 50(2.8) | ||||
| 目前饮酒 | 3 846(49.5) | 362(32.3) | 3 496(49.3) | 712(39.4) | ||||
| 体力活动[例(%)] | 9.294 | 0.010 | 63.164 | <0.001 | ||||
| 低 | 786(10.2) | 146(13.0) | 677(9.6) | 255(14.2) | ||||
| 中 | 2 210(28.4) | 318(28.4) | 1 942(27.4) | 586(32.4) | ||||
| 高 | 4 775(61.4) | 656(58.6) | 4 466(63.0) | 965(53.4) | ||||
| 心血管疾病[例(%)] | 10.131 | 0.001 | 3.262 | 0.071 | ||||
| 是 | 3 184(41.0) | 403(36.0) | 2 892(40.8) | 695(38.5) | ||||
| 否 | 4 587(59.0) | 717(64.0) | 4 193(59.2) | 1 111(61.5) | ||||
| 糖尿病[例(%)] | 2.850 | 0.091 | 0.923 | 0.337 | ||||
| 是 | 544(7.0) | 94(8.4) | 499(7.0) | 139(7.7) | ||||
| 否 | 7 227(93.0) | 1 026(91.6) | 6 586(93.0) | 1 667(92.3) | ||||
| 自评健康[例(%)] | 64.422 | <0.001 | 28.706 | <0.001 | ||||
| 差 | 1 458(18.8) | 327(29.2) | 1 341(18.9) | 444(24.6) | ||||
| 好 | 6 313(81.2) | 793(70.8) | 5 744(81.1) | 1 362(75.4) | ||||
| 抑郁症状[例(%)] | 138.903 | <0.001 | 79.667 | <0.001 | ||||
| 是 | 976(12.6) | 288(25.7) | 889(12.5) | 375(20.8) | ||||
| 否 | 6 795(87.4) | 832(74.3) | 6196(87.5) | 1431(79.2) | ||||
Table 1 Comparison of basic characteristics of participants
| 基本特征 | 认知功能(MMSE得分) | 短期记忆功能(DWRT得分) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 正常(n=7 771) | MCI(n=1 120) | χ2(t)值 | P值 | 正常(n=7 085) | MMI(n=1 806) | χ2(t)值 | P值 | |
| 年龄( | 59.1±7.2 | 65.0±8.7 | 120.811a | <0.001 | 58.9±7.2 | 63.3±8.6 | 161.541a | <0.001 |
| BMI( | 23.8±3.3 | 23.8±3.5 | 8.970a | 0.676 | 23.8±3.3 | 23.8±3.4 | 4.536a | 0.875 |
| 性别[例(%)] | 24.733 | <0.001 | 60.506 | <0.001 | ||||
| 男 | 2 013(25.9) | 213(19.0) | 1 646(23.2) | 580(32.1) | ||||
| 女 | 5 758(74.1) | 907(81.0) | 5 439(76.8) | 1 226(67.9) | ||||
| 婚姻状况[例(%)] | 177.787 | <0.001 | 61.857 | <0.001 | ||||
| 已婚 | 6 632(85.3) | 778(69.5) | 6 016(84.9) | 1 394(77.2) | ||||
| 单身 | 1 139(14.7) | 342(30.5) | 1 069(15.1) | 412(22.8) | ||||
| 少儿期父母识/写字[例(%)] | 595.618 | <0.001 | 300.703 | <0.001 | ||||
| 父母均不识/写字 | 1 040(13.3) | 440(39.3) | 970(13.7) | 510(28.2) | ||||
| 父或母识/写字 | 3 502(45.1) | 527(47.1) | 3 169(44.7) | 860(47.6) | ||||
| 父母均识/写字 | 3 229(41.6) | 153(13.6) | 2 946(41.6) | 436(24.2) | ||||
| 文化程度[例(%)] | 496.476 | <0.001 | 283.944 | <0.001 | ||||
| 初中及以下 | 4 670(60.1) | 1 055(94.2) | 4 256(60.1) | 1 469(81.3) | ||||
| 高中及以上 | 3 101(39.9) | 65(5.8) | 2 829(39.9) | 337(18.7) | ||||
| 家庭年收入[例(%)] | 357.827 | <0.001 | 182.479 | <0.001 | ||||
| <30 000元 | 3 688(47.5) | 870(77.7) | 3 376(47.6) | 1 182(65.4) | ||||
| ≥30 000元 | 4 083(52.5) | 250(22.3) | 3 709(52.4) | 624(34.6) | ||||
| 职业[例(%)] | 159.972 | <0.001 | 43.051 | <0.001 | ||||
| 手工业或其他 | 6 007(77.3) | 1 049(93.7) | 5 522(77.9) | 1 534(84.9) | ||||
| 非手工业 | 1 764(22.7) | 71(6.3) | 1 563(22.1) | 272(15.1) | ||||
| 吸烟状况[例(%)] | 1.056 | 0.590 | 62.655 | <0.001 | ||||
| 从不吸烟 | 6 436(82.8) | 914(81.6) | 5 970(84.3) | 1 380(76.4) | ||||
| 已戒烟 | 579(7.5) | 91(8.1) | 478(6.7) | 192(10.6) | ||||
| 目前吸烟 | 756(9.7) | 115(10.3) | 637(9.0) | 234(13.0) | ||||
| 饮酒状况[例(%)] | 117.851 | <0.001 | 60.401 | <0.001 | ||||
| 从不饮酒 | 3 787(48.7) | 724(64.6) | 3 467(48.9) | 1 044(57.8) | ||||
| 已戒酒 | 138(1.8) | 34(3.1) | 122(1.8) | 50(2.8) | ||||
| 目前饮酒 | 3 846(49.5) | 362(32.3) | 3 496(49.3) | 712(39.4) | ||||
| 体力活动[例(%)] | 9.294 | 0.010 | 63.164 | <0.001 | ||||
| 低 | 786(10.2) | 146(13.0) | 677(9.6) | 255(14.2) | ||||
| 中 | 2 210(28.4) | 318(28.4) | 1 942(27.4) | 586(32.4) | ||||
| 高 | 4 775(61.4) | 656(58.6) | 4 466(63.0) | 965(53.4) | ||||
| 心血管疾病[例(%)] | 10.131 | 0.001 | 3.262 | 0.071 | ||||
| 是 | 3 184(41.0) | 403(36.0) | 2 892(40.8) | 695(38.5) | ||||
| 否 | 4 587(59.0) | 717(64.0) | 4 193(59.2) | 1 111(61.5) | ||||
| 糖尿病[例(%)] | 2.850 | 0.091 | 0.923 | 0.337 | ||||
| 是 | 544(7.0) | 94(8.4) | 499(7.0) | 139(7.7) | ||||
| 否 | 7 227(93.0) | 1 026(91.6) | 6 586(93.0) | 1 667(92.3) | ||||
| 自评健康[例(%)] | 64.422 | <0.001 | 28.706 | <0.001 | ||||
| 差 | 1 458(18.8) | 327(29.2) | 1 341(18.9) | 444(24.6) | ||||
| 好 | 6 313(81.2) | 793(70.8) | 5 744(81.1) | 1 362(75.4) | ||||
| 抑郁症状[例(%)] | 138.903 | <0.001 | 79.667 | <0.001 | ||||
| 是 | 976(12.6) | 288(25.7) | 889(12.5) | 375(20.8) | ||||
| 否 | 6 795(87.4) | 832(74.3) | 6196(87.5) | 1431(79.2) | ||||
| 变量 | 少儿期父母识/写字 | SES | 认知功能(MMSE得分),短期记忆功能(DWRT得分) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 少儿期父母识/写字 | 1.000 | ||
| SES | 0.312a | 1.000 | |
| 认知功能(MMSE得分),短期记忆功能(DWRT得分) | 0.306a,0.218a | 0.337a,0.240a | 1.000 |
Table 2 Correlation analysis of childhood parental literacy, SES, and cognitive function
| 变量 | 少儿期父母识/写字 | SES | 认知功能(MMSE得分),短期记忆功能(DWRT得分) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 少儿期父母识/写字 | 1.000 | ||
| SES | 0.312a | 1.000 | |
| 认知功能(MMSE得分),短期记忆功能(DWRT得分) | 0.306a,0.218a | 0.337a,0.240a | 1.000 |
| 少儿期父母识/写字 | 认知功能(MMSE得分) | 短期记忆功能(DWRT得分) | MCI | MMI |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| β(95%CI) | β(95%CI) | OR(95%CI) | OR(95%CI) | |
| 父母均不识/写字 | 0 | 0 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 父或母识/写字 | 1.00(0.84~1.14)a | 0.44(0.33~0.56)a | 0.48(0.41~0.57)a | 0.65(0.56~0.74)a |
| 父母均识/写字 | 1.46(1.30~1.62)a | 0.64(0.52~0.77)a | 0.27(0.22~0.34)a | 0.50(0.43~0.59)a |
| P趋势值 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Table 3 Association between childhood parental literacy and cognitive function(multivariate linear regression, Logistic regression)
| 少儿期父母识/写字 | 认知功能(MMSE得分) | 短期记忆功能(DWRT得分) | MCI | MMI |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| β(95%CI) | β(95%CI) | OR(95%CI) | OR(95%CI) | |
| 父母均不识/写字 | 0 | 0 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 父或母识/写字 | 1.00(0.84~1.14)a | 0.44(0.33~0.56)a | 0.48(0.41~0.57)a | 0.65(0.56~0.74)a |
| 父母均识/写字 | 1.46(1.30~1.62)a | 0.64(0.52~0.77)a | 0.27(0.22~0.34)a | 0.50(0.43~0.59)a |
| P趋势值 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| 中介变量 | 认知功能(MMSE得分) | 短期记忆功能(DWRT得分) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 中介效应β(95%CI) | 直接效应β(95%CI) | 总效应β(95%CI) | 中介效应占比(95%CI)(%) | 中介效应β(95%CI) | 直接效应β(95%CI) | 总效应β(95%CI) | 中介效应占比(95%CI)(%) | |
| SES | 0.196(0.173~0.218)a | 0.704(0.627~0.783)a | 0.900(0.824~0.972)a | 21.77(18.79~24.77)a | 0.109(0.094~0.126)a | 0.318(0.260~0.374)a | 0.427(0.371~0.480)a | 25.51(21.10~30.61)a |
| 文化程度 | 0.166(0.142~0.192)a | 0.734(0.655~0.812)a | 0.900(0.824~0.972)a | 18.44(15.49~21.50)a | 0.101(0.084~0.117)a | 0.325(0.271~0.380)a | 0.427(0.371~0.480)a | 23.65(19.25~29.03)a |
| 家庭年收入 | 0.059(0.046~0.073)a | 0.840(0.767~0.919)a | 0.900(0.824~0.972)a | 6.56(5.08~8.24)a | 0.031(0.023~0.041)a | 0.395(0.337~0.454)a | 0.427(0.371~0.480)a | 7.03(5.14~9.85)a |
| 职业 | 0.060(0.046~0.074)a | 0.842(0.764~0.916)a | 0.900(0.824~0.972)a | 6.67(5.07~8.34)a | 0.030(0.021~0.040)a | 0.398(0.338~0.456)a | 0.427(0.371~0.480)a | 7.02(4.74~9.68)a |
Table 4 Proportion of mediating effects of SES and its representative indicators in the association between childhood parental literacy and cognitive function
| 中介变量 | 认知功能(MMSE得分) | 短期记忆功能(DWRT得分) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 中介效应β(95%CI) | 直接效应β(95%CI) | 总效应β(95%CI) | 中介效应占比(95%CI)(%) | 中介效应β(95%CI) | 直接效应β(95%CI) | 总效应β(95%CI) | 中介效应占比(95%CI)(%) | |
| SES | 0.196(0.173~0.218)a | 0.704(0.627~0.783)a | 0.900(0.824~0.972)a | 21.77(18.79~24.77)a | 0.109(0.094~0.126)a | 0.318(0.260~0.374)a | 0.427(0.371~0.480)a | 25.51(21.10~30.61)a |
| 文化程度 | 0.166(0.142~0.192)a | 0.734(0.655~0.812)a | 0.900(0.824~0.972)a | 18.44(15.49~21.50)a | 0.101(0.084~0.117)a | 0.325(0.271~0.380)a | 0.427(0.371~0.480)a | 23.65(19.25~29.03)a |
| 家庭年收入 | 0.059(0.046~0.073)a | 0.840(0.767~0.919)a | 0.900(0.824~0.972)a | 6.56(5.08~8.24)a | 0.031(0.023~0.041)a | 0.395(0.337~0.454)a | 0.427(0.371~0.480)a | 7.03(5.14~9.85)a |
| 职业 | 0.060(0.046~0.074)a | 0.842(0.764~0.916)a | 0.900(0.824~0.972)a | 6.67(5.07~8.34)a | 0.030(0.021~0.040)a | 0.398(0.338~0.456)a | 0.427(0.371~0.480)a | 7.02(4.74~9.68)a |
Figure 1 The mediation effect analysis of SES on the association between childhood parental literacy and cognitive function and short-term memory function
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