In rural areas, the self-management levels of pregnant women not only remain generally low but also vary significantly among individuals, thereby necessitating a detailed investigation into their behavioral patterns to facilitate their classification into distinct groups.

This analysis explores the types and characteristics of self-management among pregnant women in rural areas to provide references for devising targeted management strategies.

From January to August 2023, a convenience sampling method was employed to select pregnant women from Suihua City and Daqing City in Heilongjiang Province, and Changchun City in Jilin Province. Surveys were conducted using a general data questionnaire, a self-management scale for pregnant women, a general self-efficacy scale, an internal motivation scale, and a prenatal care knowledge scale. Cluster analysis was performed using SPSS 25.0 to classify the subjects into different types based on their self-management traits and compare their general characteristics.

A total of 481 questionnaires were distributed, and 470 valid questionnaires were retrieved, with a valid questionnaire recovery rate of 97.7%. It was found that the total score for self-management behaviors among the surveyed rural pregnant women stood at (70.2±16.4). Four distinct types were identified through optimal clustering: typeⅠ, characterized by low awareness non-participants (25.3%, n=119) ; typeⅡ, those who engage through guided cooperation (29.4%, n=138) ; typeⅢ, those under supervised directive (18.7%, n=88) ; and typeⅣ, proactive participants (26.6%, n=125). Noteworthy were the significant statistical differences that emerged across such variables as educational backgrounds, occupations, annual incomes, number of pregnancies, gestational weeks, whether pregnancies were planned, histories of chronic diseases, and complications during pregnancy among the four types (P<0.05). Furthermore, the comparison of scores across different self-management dimensions revealed significant statistical differences, with adherence to medical advice scoring the highest and fetal monitoring behavior scoring the lowest (P<0.05) .

The four types of self-management among rural pregnant women, identified based on differentiated characteristics in prenatal care knowledge, self-efficacy, and behavioral motivation, exhibit a high degree of heterogeneity. Type Ⅰ, characterized by low awareness non-participants, faces the dual challenge of inadequate knowledge reserves and lack of behavioral motivation. Type Ⅱ, those who engage through guided cooperation, is marked by low self-efficacy but good compliance with external guidance. TypeⅢ, those under supervised directive, lacks intrinsic motivation and relies heavily on external supervision for regulating self-management behaviors. Type Ⅳ, proactive participants, represents the most optimal group, possessing strong prenatal care knowledge, high self-efficacy, and effective self-management behaviors. Therefore, in clinical practice, targeted intervention strategies can be developed according to each type, in order to further enhance the self-management capabilities of rural pregnant women and optimize prenatal care services.

农村妊娠期女性自我管理水平较低且存在个体差异，应进一步针对其自我管理行为特征进行群组划分。

从农村女性妊娠期自我管理角度分析其类型及特征，为提出针对性的管理策略提供参考。

2023年1—8月，采取便利抽样方法选取黑龙江省绥化市、黑龙江省大庆市和吉林省长春市农村妊娠期女性作为调查对象，采用一般资料调查表、孕妇自我管理量表、一般自我效能量表、内部动机量表、妊娠期保健知识量表对其进行调查，采用SPSS 25.0的聚类分析方法进行分类，比较不同类型农村妊娠期女性的一般特征。

共发放问卷481份，回收有效问卷470份，有效问卷回收率为97.7%。被调查的农村妊娠期女性自我管理行为总分为（70.2±16.4）分；最佳聚类为4种类型，分别为Ⅰ类低认知不参与型（n=119，25.3%）、Ⅱ类指导合作型（n=138，29.4%）、Ⅲ类监督引导型（n=88，18.7%）、Ⅳ类主动参与型（n=125，26.6%）。不同类型的农村妊娠期女性在教育程度、职业、年收入情况、孕次、孕周、是否计划内妊娠、有无慢性病史以及有无妊娠合并症方面比较，差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）；不同类型农村妊娠期女性胎儿监护行为管理维度、遵医行为维度评分比较，差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。

基于妊娠期保健知识水平、自我效能感及自我管理行为动机的差异化特征确定的4类农村妊娠期女性自我管理类型间具有较高的异质性：Ⅰ类（低认知不参与型）表现为知识储备不足与行为动机缺失的双重挑战；Ⅱ类（指导合作型）以自我效能感不足但具备指导依从性为特征；Ⅲ类（监督引导型）因自我管理行为动机不足，其自我管理行为调控高度依赖外部监督机制；Ⅳ类（主动参与型）作为最优类别，兼具良好的妊娠期保健知识水平、较高的自我效能感及良好的自我管理行为。因此，在临床实践中，可根据不同类型制定针对性的干预措施，以进一步提升农村妊娠期女性自我管理能力，优化妊娠期保健服务。