Abstract: Cervical cancer is the second most common malignancy among women worldwide, with particularly high incidence and mortality rates in low- and middle-income countries, posing a significant threat to women's health. Early screening and diagnosis are critical for reducing the incidence and mortality of cervical cancer. This article comprehensively reviews the current applications of various screening modalities in the field of cervical precancerous lesion detection, including Papanicolaou (Pap) smear, liquid-based cytology (LBC) , p16/Ki-67 dual staining, HPV E6/E7 mRNA testing, PAX1 gene methylation analysis, HPV integration detection, self-sampling, and artificial intelligence (AI) -assisted screening. The clinical performance and limitations of each screening technique are critically analyzed. Furthermore, potential technological advancements and future research directions are discussed to provide a scientific foundation for clinical practice, facilitate the selection of optimal screening strategies, and enable early detection and personalized intervention, thereby effectively reducing the incidence and mortality of cervical cancer.

Key words: Cervical cancer, Screening, P16/Ki67 double staining, HPV E6/E7 mRNA testing, PAX1 gene methylation, HPV integration, Self-sampling, Artificial intelligence

摘要： 宫颈癌是全球女性第二大常见癌症，尤其在低收入和中等收入国家中发病率及死亡率高，严重影响女性生命安全。早期筛查和诊断对于降低宫颈癌的发病率和死亡率至关重要。本文全面梳理了宫颈癌癌前筛查领域内多种技术手段的应用现状，涵盖巴氏涂片、液基细胞学检查（LBC）、P16/Ki-67双染色、HPVE6/E7 mRNA检测、PAX1基因甲基化检测、HPV整合检测、自采样及人工智能辅助筛查。深入剖析了各筛查技术的临床效能与局限性，并展望未来有望突破的技术革新与研究方向，以期为临床实践提供科学依据，助力精准选择适宜的筛查策略，实现宫颈癌的早期发现与个性化干预，从而有效降低其发病率与死亡率。

关键词: 宫颈癌, 筛查, P16/Ki67 双染色, HPV E6/E7 mRNA 检测, PAX1 基因甲基化, HPV 整合, 自采样, 人工智能