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    05 June 2024, Volume 27 Issue 16
    Commentary
    The Status and Challenges of Primary Health Care in China
    QIN Jiangmei, LIN Chunmei, ZHANG Yanchun, ZHANG Lifang
    2024, 27(16):  1917-1923.  DOI: 10.12114/j.issn.1007-9572.2024.0009
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    This paper systematically reviewed the process of primary health care development of China over the past 45 years, and summarized the achievements of primary health care based on data related to primary health care draw from 2010-2012 China Health Statistics Year book, 2013-2017 China Health and Family Planning Statistical Yearbook and 2018-2022 China Health Statistics Year book. Data of the infant mortality rate, maternal mortality rate, and average life expectancy were from the World Bank in China and upper middle income countries in 2023. The development of primary health care of China was summarized into four phases, and the achievements included the improvement of the primary health care network, coverage expansion of basic health insurance, the increase of funding and coverage of basic public health services, the steady improvement of family doctor contracts, and the continuous improvement of women's and children's health, with major health indicators ranking among the top upper middle-income countries. The current challenges include the unbalanced development of infrastructure construction in the primary medical and health system, the decline in the proportion of medical insurance funds, the lack of vitality of the management system, the low level of remuneration and imperfect incentive system. This paper summarizes the enlightenment of international experience for China's primary health care, and puts forward the future development directions and strategies.

    Policy Study
    How to Advance the Improvement of Primary Health Care Model for Rural Populations with Priority Diseases: an Evidence Brief for Person-centered Integrated Health Management Policy
    ZHANG Xiaotian, LI Mingyue, LAN Qing, LIU Xiaoyun
    2024, 27(16):  1924-1929.  DOI: 10.12114/j.issn.1007-9572.2023.0700
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    Background

    To better address the problems and challenges facing primary health care services in China, China's National Health Commission and the Gates Foundation have been collaborated to implement primary health care projects in areas such as Shanxi Province, Hubei Province, and part of the rural areas of Henan Province from 2017 to 2022. The overall goal of the project is to explore an effective model for basic health care services and to contribute to health poverty alleviation, which will enhance experience sharing within China and benefit other developing countries.

    Objective

    To summarize the experience of implementing person-centered integrated health management project in rural populations with priority diseases, represented by hypertension and diabetes.

    Methods

    The collection of information and data for the person-centered integrated health management project encompassed multiple sources, including hospital information system, statistical reporting information, basic public health information system, qualitative interviews, patient surveys, physician surveys and quality surveys of medical records. Descriptive statistical analysis as well as before-and-after comparisons were used as the main evaluation methods.

    Results

    The proportion of patients with hypertension and diabetes under standardized management increased steadily, the average hospitalization cost of inpatients decreased, with a gradual increase in healthy living behaviors and a significant improvement medication adherence. In terms of health outcomes, the control rate of hypertension improved significantly but the control rate for blood glucose did not change significantly.

    Conclusion

    The service concept and capacity of person-centered integrated health management for priority diseases have been significantly improved. The relevant measures have been transformed into policies to be promoted and implemented in the project areas. Various types of experts are the key factors in promoting the implementation of the project, the sustainability of the measures needs to be maintained.

    Chinese General Practice/Community Health Service Research
    Construction of the "Secondary Distribution" Indicator System of Family Doctor Team Performance Based on Contracted Service Fee
    GAO Xiang, CHEN Hong, ZHOU Rong, SHI Jianwei, YU Wenya, LYU Yipeng, ZHOU Liang, WANG Zhaoxin, HUANG Lei
    2024, 27(16):  1930-1934.  DOI: 10.12114/j.issn.1007-9572.2023.0020
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    Background

    The existing family doctor team performance appraisal system is lack of incentive effect, which has hindered the quality development of contracted family doctor services. However, the performance appraisal system based on family doctor teams includes two processes of "primary distribution" and "secondary distribution", which is more capable of mobilizing the work motivation of the family doctor team members. At present, there is a lack of performance evaluation indicator systems for family doctor assistants and public health physicians, although these two groups of people play an important role in the family doctor team.

    Objective

    To construct "secondary distribution" indicator system of family doctor team performance based on contracted service fee, with regard to the roles of family doctor assistants and public health physicians.

    Methods

    The draft of the "secondary distribution" indicator system of family doctor team performance was preliminarily formulated through literature analysis and semi-structured interview. On the basis of the draft, an expert consultation questionnaire was designed, and two rounds of expert consultation were implemented and completed from October 2021 to April 2022 to develop the "secondary distribution" indicator system of family doctor team performance based on contracted service fee was established.

    Results

    The recovery rates of the two rounds of expert consultation questionnaires was 100.0%. For the secondary distribution system of family doctor assistants and public health physicians, the authority coefficient for the first round of correspondence was 0.742 2 and 0.742 0, respectively. Finally, the "secondary distribution" indicator system of family physician assistants, including 3 first-level and 10 second-level indicators, and the "secondary distribution" indicator system of public health physicians, including 3 first-level and 13 second-level indicators, were constructed.

    Conclusion

    The final "secondary distribution" indicator system of family physician assistants with 3 primary indicators and 10 secondary indicators and "secondary distribution" indicator system of public health physicians with 3 primary indicators and 13 secondary indicators is logical and scientific to a certain extent, reflecting the labor value of family doctor assistants and public health doctors in the family doctor team in providing contracted services, which is conducive to the special incentive function of contracted service fee and needs to be optimized and improved in the actual assessment in the future.

    Implementation Status and Optimization Strategy of Primary Care Diagnostic Coding in China
    ZHOU Yingda, QU Yiqian, LI Xiaofei, ZHUO Shuxiong, YANG Xi, JIN Hua, YU Dehua
    2024, 27(16):  1935-1941.  DOI: 10.12114/j.issn.1007-9572.2023.0401
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    With the continuous deepening of the reform of the primary care and health system, the standardization of primary health information has received more and more attention. As an important part of the construction of primary health information, primary care diagnostic coding plays an important role in improving the efficiency of primary care management, promoting the quality control of primary care, and effectively collecting primary care data. However, China has used the disease classification of general hospitals as the primary care diagnostic code for a long time, which not only leads to the chaotic state of non-standard and non-standardized primary care diagnosis, but also causes loss and error in the data collection, record and analysis in primary care. By summarizing the historical development of primary care diagnostic coding at home and abroad, this paper points out five main problems faced by China's primary care diagnostic coding: the lack of attention to primary care diagnostic coding, the lack of unified primary care diagnostic coding leads to the limited development of primary care function and quality in China, the disagreements about which international primary care classifications match the primary care diagnostic codes in China, the various challenges faced by the localization of primary care diagnostic coding, and the lack of talents and tools to evaluate and optimize primary care diagnostic coding in China. On this basis, combined with the development process of foreign primary care diagnostic coding, it is proposed that all parties in China should pay attention to the development of primary care diagnostic coding. While further promoting the construction of primary care information in line with international standards, the national unified primary care diagnostic coding standard should be formulated based on the current trial ICD-11 and ICPC-3 classification as soon as possible, and the sound training system for primary care diagnostic coding talents should be established to further implement and optimize primary care diagnostic coding in China.

    Research and Effect Evaluation of Internal Performance Management Practice in Community Health Service Center in a District of Beijing
    GAN Jingwen, GONG Yanan
    2024, 27(16):  1942-1949.  DOI: 10.12114/j.issn.1007-9572.2022.0865
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    Background

    At present, Beijing has formulated a series of performance management policies for community health service centers, most of which focus on assessment and have not yet formed a performance management system. At the same time, there are still many problems in performance management considering the actual work of the centers. On the basis of the original internal performance appraisal system, this study improved the performance management in view of the existing problems, formed a set of performance management system applicable to the district community health service center, provided a reference for the community health service centers to establish a scientific performance management system in the future, and promoted the development of community health service work.

    Objective

    To explore the effect of performance management in community health service center.

    Methods

    In 2019, this group conducted a baseline survey on the current status of performance management in terms of center position setting, assessment indicators and weights, performance feedback and improvement in 18 community health service centers in Tongzhou District, Beijing. The Delphi expert consultation method was used to determine the evaluation indicators of the implementation effect of performance management, and the Internal Performance Management Manual of Community Health Service Centers (hereinafter referred to as the Manual), which contains 6 first-level indicators (number of services, service utilization, service quality, medical staff performance evaluation, patient satisfaction, and target management) and 34 second-level indicators, was finally determined. 2021, the evaluation of the application effect of the Manual was carried out (number of services, service utilization, service quality, medical staff performance evaluation, patient satisfaction, and target management) .

    Results

    The service quantity, service utilization and service quality of key work in 2020 were improved compared with those of the previous year, except for the family doctor contract rate and the real physical examination rate of the elderly, which were slightly lower than the regional average level, other indicators were higher than the regional level; performance management evaluation: Medical staff believed that the salary and workload were relatively matched and very matched increased by 29.8%; the cognition of center development goals, department development goals and individual work priorities increased by 15.6%, 13.2% and 2.6% respectively; the assessment indicators were in line with the actual work increased by 20.6%; reasonableness of index weight value and the secondary performance distribution of departments and stations increased by 19.4% and 8.3% respectively; the incentive that is strong increased by 18.3%; the performance improvement effect increased by 18.1% significantly; the overall satisfaction with performance management increased by 11.8%. Resident satisfaction: satisfaction with chronic disease management, children's health management, medical staff's technical level, and medical treatment results improved to varying degrees. Year-end assessment of district level: except for 1 center whose ranking remained unchanged, the rest of the centers were all improved. Salary: annual per capita incomes of on-the-job workers, doctors, nurses, and preventive and public health personnel increased by 5.2%, 7.6%, 8.4%, and 10.4% respectively, which was forty seven, eighty seven, forty four and thirty nine thousand higher than that of the whole region.

    Conclusion

    After the demonstration of community health service centers with different economic development levels, the application effect of the performance management system is remarkable, which improves the quantity and quality level of key work in the community, enhances the enthusiasm and service ability of medical staff, and then improves the satisfaction of patients, and it has certain promotion value. However, the number of centers that apply performance management system is limited and the time is short, so it is necessary to expand the application scope and continue to track the application situation in the future.

    Sinicization Based on Community Health Intensity Rating Scale and Its Reliability and Validity Test in Elderly Patients
    LI Hang, LIU Suzhen, NI Yunxia
    2024, 27(16):  1950-1955.  DOI: 10.12114/j.issn.1007-9572.2022.0684
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    Background

    In the context of the national efforts to promote the development of home care services for the elderly, chronic diseases and disabled patients, the adoption of professional assessment tools that can effectively assess the health of patients in the home environment and meet the needs of care services is an important guarantee to accurately match the needs of patients for home medical care.

    Objective

    To sinicize the Community Health Intensity Rating Scale (CHIRS) and evaluate its reliability and validity in the elderly patients with chronic diseases in the community.

    Methods

    After obtaining authorization from the original author, the translation, back translation and cultural adaptation process of the Brislin model were followed to form the Chinese version of CHIRS. From March to June 2021, a convenience sampling method was used to select elderly patients managed by a community health service center (station) in Chengdu as the research subjects. Expert consultation was used to evaluate the content validity of the scale; the internal consistency coefficient was used to test the reliability of the scale and to verify its practicality.

    Results

    A total of 244 patients were investigated and completed the household questionnaire, with a valid recovery rate of 100.0%. The expert consultation results showed that the S-CVI/ave of the Chinese version of CHIRS was 0.98, and the I-CVI ranged from 0.71 to 1.00; the overall Cronbach's α coefficient was 0.884, and the Cronbach's α coefficients for the four dimensions ranged from 0.593 to 0.787, the predictive validity results showed that the Spearman correlation coefficients of CHIRS result with self-rated health status and demand for home care services were -0.611 (P<0.001) and 0.584 (P<0.001) .

    Conclusion

    After sinicization and localization modification, the Chinese version of CHIRS has better reliability and reference value, which can be used to evaluate the health status and demand for home care services of elderly patients with chronic diseases in the community.

    Article·Focus on General Practice Education
    A Comparative Study on the Influence of Outpatient Experience Communication and GLTC Communication on Doctors' Emotional State and Communication Details of Outpatient Doctors
    SHAO Jianwen, TAN Gangrui, WANG Mengting, SHANG Weihong, WANG Jinfan
    2024, 27(16):  1956-1961.  DOI: 10.12114/j.issn.1007-9572.2022.0769
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    Background

    In outpatient clinics, physicians serve as the primary providers of medical treatment activities; their positive attitudes and effective patient-physician communication methods are essential for guaranteeing high-quality healthcare services.

    Objective

    To compare the outpatient doctor's emotional state and completion of communication details between outpatient doctor's experiential communication and GLTC communication. To provide a reference for improving a doctor's communication skills and emotional state in the future.

    Methods

    From July 2021 to January 2022, 24 outpatient doctors from 6 departments in 4 tertiary general hospitals in Nanjing, Jiangsu Province were randomly selected as the research objects. Outpatient doctor-patient communication scenes meeting the criteria were selected as observation scenes. All of the included outpatient doctors in the same cohort underwent an individual experiential communication program first (recorded as the experiential group). Next, they received training on the outpatient GLTC doctor-patient communication program. Finally, the doctors conducted outpatient GLTC communication one week later (recorded as the GLTC group). The experiential group and the GLTC group were compared in terms of the Brief Profile of Mood States (BPOMS) score before and after communication as well as the completion rate of communication details.

    Results

    The fatigue dimension score of BPOMS after communication was higher than that before communication in the experiential group (P<0.05) ; After communication, The fatigue and confusion dimension score of BPOMS in the GLTC group were lower than the experiential group (P<0.05) ; the completion rate of communication details in the GLTC group such as kind gaze (reception), polite language (reception), smile (reception), not easily interrupting patients, timely nodding response, appeasement, informing the necessity, patience (experimental examination), consulting patients' opinions, patience (diagnosis and communication), popular explanation, language comfort, friendly attitude, getting up (ending and explaining), kind gaze (ending and explaining), polite language (ending and explanation), smile (ending and explanation) was higher than the experiential group (P<0.05) .

    Conclusion

    Compared with experiential communication, GLTC communication is more capable of improving doctors' emotional state and relieving doctors' fatigue. At the same time, the completion rate of the corresponding communication details is improved, but there is still room for improvement in the completion rate of some communication details.

    The Development of Summative Assessment Index System of Resident Standardized Training in General Practice Based on Post Competence
    LI Ting, PAN Zhaolu, JIN Guanghui, LU Xiaoqin
    2024, 27(16):  1962-1970.  DOI: 10.12114/j.issn.1007-9572.2023.0866
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    Background

    Competency development is the core of residency training in general practice, as well as the key to training qualified general practitioners. Summative assessment can evaluate overall training outcome and the attainment of general practitioner competencies. Summative assessment in general practice is still in developing in China, and its relevance to competencies is relatively weak.

    Objective

    To develop competency based summative assessment indicator framework of residency training in general practice, and to provide reference for improving the summative assessment system in China.

    Methods

    From 2023-04-25 to 30, 32 experts from 10 provinces, including Beijing, Shanghai, Hebei, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Liaoning, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Hainan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region and Sichuan Province were invited to participate in Delphi Expert Survey. The indicator framework of summative assessment was established through literature review and Delphi expert survey. The weight of indicators was determined by multiplicative model.

    Results

    In both the first and second rounds of expert survey, 32 questionnaires were issued and 32 were recovered, which were all valid. The positive coefficient was 100.0%, the authority coefficient was > 0.8, the importance coordination coefficient of indicators at all levels respectively was 0.382, 0.284, 0.265, and the feasibility coordination coefficient was 0.415, 0.359, 0.332. The final summative assessment indicator framework consisted of 6 first-tier indicators, 24 second-tier indicators and 50 third-tier indicators. The first-tier indicators include application of clinical professional knowledge and skills, the ability to take care of the family, the ability to provide basic public health services, the ability to communicate, cooperate and coordinate, humanistic ability and professionalism, clinical teaching and scientific research ability, and the weights were 0.505, 0.061, 0.109, 0.134, 0.125 and 0.066, respectively.

    Conclusion

    This study preliminarily explored and constructed competency based summative assessment indicator framework of residency training in general practice, which provides reference for further research on the contents of summative assessment and on the improvement of summative assessment system in China. The framework is important for improving the quality of residency training and competencies of general practitioners.

    Research on Methods to Cultivate the Deeper Thinking Ability of General Practitioners Based on Structural Problems
    CHEN Wenji, SUN Ruiqi, XIE Bo
    2024, 27(16):  1971-1976.  DOI: 10.12114/j.issn.1007-9572.2023.0308
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    Background

    In standardized residency training for general practice trainees, the rotation time in various clinical specialties is short, and there is a wide range of learning content, requiring enhanced learning autonomy. General practice faculty would be dealing with trainees from a variety of backgrounds, including 5+3, transfer, professional masters, or 3+2 assistant general practitioners, interns, public health trainees. It was necessary to study how to enable different training targets to get what they need and achieve the desired training effect in training needed to be carefully studied.

    Objective

    The objective of this study was to explore a training method that addresses structural problems, enhances trainees' learning initiative, and cultivates their ability for deeper thinking.

    Methods

    At the end of each learning activity, immediate discussions were organized to address the following questions: "1. What have you learned through the study? 2. What other questions do you have? 3. What are the same or similar experiences that you can share with others? 4. What inspirations do you have for future work?" The paper conducted theoretical analyses of the four questions to elucidate the method's internal logic and trainees' thinking process. Corresponding questionnaires were designed for validation studies conducted in the General Practice Backbone Teachers' Training Class and the Grassroots Talent Class.

    Results

    The training method received strong agreement from the trainees, with the composite score ranging between "strongly agreed" and "agreed". After conducting parameter tests, no statistical differences were found in the answers concerning gender, age, title, position, and working experience. However, statistical differences were observed in academic qualifications, work units, and participated training programs (P<0.05) .

    Conclusion

    The use of structural problems with progressive meanings and a flexible training format proved effective in stimulating deeper thinking among trainees. The higher level of acceptance observed in the Grassroots Talent Class suggested that the method was particularly applicable to primary general practitioners and can enhance their ability for deeper thinking.

    Article·Cognitive Impairment Topic
    Analysis of Social Support and Related Factors of Family Caregivers of Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment
    ZHOU Lulu, LU Yuan, ZHANG Yi, GAO Xin, LIU Fang, CHENG Yuan, FENG Yuqin, YU Dehua
    2024, 27(16):  1977-1983.  DOI: 10.12114/j.issn.1007-9572.2023.0590
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    Background

    Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is an age-related chronic noncommunicable disease facing a certain caregiving burden. At present, most studies focus on the caregiving burden and social support of caregivers of patients with moderate-to-severe cognitive impairment, but there are few studies on the social support and related factors of caregivers of MCI patients.

    Objective

    To explore the social support and related factors of caregivers of MCI patients, and provide evidence for feasible social support for caregivers of MCI patients.

    Methods

    A total of 102 family caregivers of patients initially diagnosed as MCI in Weifang Community Health Service Center, Pudong New Area, Shanghai from April 2020 to August 2021 were recruited. A cognitive impairment management group was established to investigate basic information, social support rate score (SSRS), positive aspects of caregiver (PAC) score and Zarit Caregiver Burden Questionnaire (ZBI) score of the caregivers of patients with MCI. The related factors of social support for the participants were analyzed.

    Results

    The average score of social support of caregivers of MCI patients was (31.26±6.87), including the average score of objective support as (7.02±2.10), subjective support as (17.93±4.62) and support utilization as (6.31±1.96). Comparison of SSRS scores of caregivers with different marital status, monthly household income status, and understanding of MCI showed statistically significant differences (P<0.05). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that marital status, relationship with patients, living together, and total PAC scores were the related factors of caregivers' objective support (P<0.05), while the relationship with patients, monthly family income, religious belief, and total PAC scores were factors influencing caregivers' subjective support (P<0.05). Binary Logistic regression analysis indicated that the relationship with patients and monthly household income, awareness of MCI and total score of positive feelings were the influencing factors of social support of MCI caregivers (P<0.05) .

    Conclusion

    The total social support of family caregivers of MCI patients is low, and the distant relationship between patients and caregivers, low monthly household income, low awareness of MCI, and low positive feelings of caregivers are independent influencing factors on the social support of MCI caregivers. Caregivers should be supported in all aspects at the family, social and community levels, thus improving their happiness and also facilitating collaborative community management of MCI.

    Community Management of Elderly Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Complicated with Mild Cognitive Impairment Related Factors
    MA Jia, ZHANG Minjue, ZHANG Shaowei, YU Haiyan, CHEN Shen, Gulibaier MAMUTI, HONG Juan, LU Yuan
    2024, 27(16):  1984-1989.  DOI: 10.12114/j.issn.1007-9572.2023.0600
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    Background

    Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) are common health problems in the elderly in the community. Research on the status and influencing factors of MCI in the elderly with T2DM who participate in community management is needed.

    Objective

    To explore the cognitive characteristics and related factors of elderly patients with T2DM complicated with MCI under community management.

    Methods

    From July to October 2022, a total of 399 patients with type 2 diabetes over 60 years of age in a community health service center in Shanghai were selected by systematic sampling method. General demographic data and health problems, physical examination and laboratory test results, including fasting blood glucose (FBG), total triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) were collected. They were divided into MCI group (n=157) and non-MCI group (n=242) according to the presence or absence of MCI. Binary Logistic regression analysis was used to explore the influencing factors of MCI in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes under community management.

    Results

    The prevalence of MCI was 39.3% (157/399) in community-managed elderly patients with type 2 diabetes. The comparison of cognitive characteristics between MCI group and non-MCI group showed that the MCI group had higher abnormality rates in executive function, orientation, calculation, abstraction, delayed memory, visual perception, naming and attention than the non-MCI group, and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05), and delayed memory impairment (92.4%) was the most common. There were significant differences in age, marriage, years of education, drinking, FBG, HbA1c, TC, LDL-C between the two groups (P<0.05) ; Binary Logistic regression analysis showed that age≥80 years old (OR=3.002, 95%CI=1.379-6.534), FBG≥7.0 mmol/L (OR=2.432, 95%CI=1.436-4.119), HbA1c 7%-9% (OR=2.349, 95%CI=1.380-3.997), HbA1c>9% (OR=5.106, 95%CI=2.150-12.130), LDL-C (OR=2.451, 95%CI=1.266-4.743), 7-12 years of education (OR=0.419, 95%CI=0.183-0.960) and >12 years (OR=0.243, 95%CI=0.086-0.692) was the influencing factor for MCI in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes (P<0.05) .

    Conclusion

    The prevalence of MCI in community-managed elderly patients with type 2 diabetes is high, and there are multiple cognitive impairment, age≥80 years old, FBG≥7.0 mmol/L, HbA1c 7%-9%, HbA1c>9% and high level of LDC. High level of education is a protective factor for MCI in community-managed elderly patients with type 2 diabetes. Early cognitive impairment screening, long-term blood glucose control, and lowering LDL-C levels are helpful to improve the cognitive function of community-managed elderly patients with type 2 diabetes.

    Study of the Perceptions of Mild Cognitive Impairement among Community Populations Questionnaire Developed Based on Delphi Method
    ZHANG Min, LU Yuan, GAO Song, YU Dehua
    2024, 27(16):  1990-1997.  DOI: 10.12114/j.issn.1007-9572.2023.0589
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    Background

    Under the background of an aging population, maintaining brain health has become an inevitable requirement of building a healthy China, and it is of great significance to carry out research on community populations' perceptions of cognitive impairment diseases. However, there is no suitable tools for investigating community populations' perceptions level of Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) .

    Objective

    To develop a questionnaire on perceptions toward MCI and test its reliability and validity, so as to provide a basis for promoting the management of cognitive disorders.

    Methods

    On the basis of literature review and special group discussion, the theoretical framework of questionnaire was put forward and the items of the questionnaire were preliminarily worked out. Then the items were evaluated according to the results of two rounds of mail-based Delphi surveys conducted by 13 experts in related fields in April-May 2021. The description of the items was revised through pre-survey, and the items were analyzed through questionnaire survey by difficulty index analysis, discrimination analysis, correlation coefficient analysis, reliability and validity evaluation in October-December 2021, so as to further improve the questionnaire.

    Results

    (1) Delphi survey: The positive degree of experts in the two rounds of Delphi survey was 100.0% and 84.6%, and the expert authority coefficient were 0.858 and 0.845, respectively. The range of "importance" average score of each item in the two rounds of letter inquiry was 3.77-4.92 and 3.91-4.91, and the coefficient of variation of the two rounds was 0.056-0.246 and 0.061-0.213, respectively. The harmony coefficients of Kendall in the two rounds of consultation were 0.197 and 0.252, respectively (P<0.001). 29 and 12 expert opinions and suggestions were received in the two rounds of consultation. (2) Questionnaire survey: A total of 809 questionnaires were sent out and 797 valid questionnaires were recovered, with an effective recovery rate of 98.52%. The difficulty index of each item was concentrated in 10%-90%. The discrimination index of each item is mostly above 20%. The scores of each item and each dimension were positively correlated with the total score of the questionnaire (P<0.05). The Cronbach'sα coefficient of the questionnaire was 0.712, and the split-half reliability was 0.764. The KMO value of model test was 0.800, and the Chi-square value of Bartlett spherical test was 3 049.278 (P<0.05), which suggested that it was suitable for factor analysis. The results of exploratory factor analysis showed that the cumulative variance contribution rate was 54.930%. The final questionnaire included 20 items, including "understanding of basic knowledge of MCI" "personal experience" "expectation of treatment"and "decision and behavior of seeking medical treatment" four dimensions.

    Conclusion

    The questionnaire on perceptions toward MCI based on Delphi method has good reliability and validity, and can be used as a tool to investigate the perceptions toward MCI among residents.

    Article·Grassroots Chinese Medicine Service Research
    Discussion on the Current Situation and Development Path of Primary TCM Health Service System in China
    YANG Shuang, XIAO Zhihong, LI Ruifeng, WANG Hongyun, HUANG Youliang
    2024, 27(16):  1998-2004.  DOI: 10.12114/j.issn.1007-9572.2023.0254
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    Background

    Primary traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) health service has been attracting continuously improving attention. However, primary TCM health service system still has problems, which have constrained the development of TCM in China.

    Objective

    To analyze the current situation of primary TCM health service system in China and explore the strategies to continuously improve the capacity of primary TCM health service.

    Methods

    In December 2022, data were retrieved from the China Health Statistics Yearbook, National Statistics of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the official websites of the National Bureau of Disease Control and Prevention and the National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases. The index system was constructed from the three levels of health input, service output and health needs, and the combination of rank-sum ratio method and the WHO health system performance module framework was used to comprehensively evaluate the current situation of primary TCM health service.

    Results

    In terms of health input, from 2017 to 2021, the number of primary healthcare institutions providing TCM health services except for township health centers has increased, and the number of TCM clinical departments beds in community health service centers (stations), township health centers, and outpatient clinics has shown an increasing trend, but the proportion of TCM clinical departments beds in outpatient clinics to the total number of outpatient departments has decreased; the proportion of TCM practicing (assistant) physicians in community health service centers (stations), township health centers and clinics has increased significantly, while the proportion of TCM practicing (assistant) physicians in village clinics remained stable, and the proportion of TCM practicing (assistant) physicians in outpatient clinics decreased by years; in the past five years, the absolute value of financial input for primary healthcare institutions has steadily increased, while the financial allocation for TCM organizations has fluctuatingly decreased. In terms of service output, from 2017 to 2021, the proportion of TCM consultations to the total consultations in various institutions has steadily increased according to a certain increase (except for TCM outpatient clinics), while the proportion of TCM consultations in village clinics alone has always remained above 30.0%; in addition to township health centers, the per capita burden of consultations of TCM practicing (assistant) physicians in other primary healthcare institutions was generally on a downward trend. The comprehensive evaluation found that 2017, 2018 and 2021 were in a suitable state of resource allocation, while 2019 and 2020 were in an unbalanced state of resource allocation.

    Conclusion

    At present, the construction of primary TCM health service system in China has been effectively implemented, but there are still some problems in the process of orderly promotion. Problems such as insufficient resources for primary TCM, unbalanced service and utilization, insufficient advantages of TCM, imperfect personnel training mechanism and low financial input have constrained the development TCM. In order to promote the continuous improvement of the health service capacity of primary TCM health service institutions, it is necessary to consolidate the functions of government, further promote TCM culture, establish incentive mechanism to optimize the training mode of talents, strengthen the close integration of TCM health services with health insurance policies, and build a TCM medical association supported by "information integration".

    Bibliometric Analysis of Traditional Chinese Medicine Services in Community Health Service Institutions
    YANG Wanjun, LI Siyu, LI Yixuan, LIU Chunyu, GAO Mingchao, LI Chunjin, ZHAI Huaqiang
    2024, 27(16):  2005-2014.  DOI: 10.12114/j.issn.1007-9572.2023.0317
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    Background

    Community health service institutions play an important role in the protection of people's health, the application of community traditional Chinese medicine services can significantly improve the quality of life for the patients, and alleviate the problems of the accessibility and affordability for the health care. The bliometric analysis on traditional Chinese medicine services in community health service institutions can provide a basis and direction for further improving the capacity of community traditional Chinese medicine services.

    Objective

    To explore the development process, research hotspots and frontiers of traditional Chinese medicine services provided by community health service institutions in China based on the bibliometric analysis and scientific knowledge mapping analysis.

    Methods

    On January 1, 2023, CNKI, Wanfang Data and VIP were searched for relevant literature from inception to 2022-12-31. Excel software was used for the statistical analysis of annual publication volume, source journals and source institutions, CiteSpace 6.1.R6 software was used for the research collaborative network of institutions, clustering analysis and burst analysis of keywords. Frequency analysis and co-occurrence network analysis of authors and keywords were carried out with VOSviewer software.

    Results

    A total of 920 papers were included, as for their sources, 270 journals and 38 universities were involved, represented by Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine (80 articles), Beijing University of Chinese Medicine and Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine (14 articles) with the highest number of articles. A total of 449 research institutions were involved, and the institution with the highest number of articles was Beijing University of Chinese Medicine (23 articles). SHI Yongxing (27 articles) and BAO Yong (18 articles) were the top 2 authors. Twelve clusters could be formed by the co-occurrence analysis of authors, and there was close collaboration among authors within the same cluster, but a wide collaborative network had not been formed yet. A total of 1 252 keywords were involved in this study, forming 13 clusters labeled with "Traditional Chinese Medicine" and "Community", etc. Researches on "constitution of traditional Chinese medicine" and "diabetes mellitus" are expected to become frontiers in this field.

    Conclusion

    Traditional Chinese medicine services in community health service institutions in China is in a period of stable development, however, there are still deficiencies in the richness of research methods, formation of collaborative networks with greater influence and scale. It is necessary to strengthen cooperation among community health service institutions, as well as the cooperation between universities and community health service institutions, by combining multidisciplinary research methods.

    Research on the Construction of Performance Evaluation Index System for Community Embedded Integrated Medical and Nursing Care Service with Characteristics of Traditional Chinese Medicine
    SI Jianping, WANG Xianju, GUO Qing
    2024, 27(16):  2015-2022.  DOI: 10.12114/j.issn.1007-9572.2023.0566
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    Background

    Faced with the increasingly severe trend of population aging and the threat of non communicable chronic diseases, China actively guides and promotes the development of community embedded integrated medical and nursing care service with characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). However, there are limited studies on performance evaluation in this field in the existing literature. The construction of a set of scientific and effective performance evaluation index system for community embedded integrated medical and nursing care service with characteristics of TCM has important theoretical significance and practical value.

    Objective

    To construct a performance evaluation index system for community embedded integrated medical and nursing care service with characteristics of TCM, determine the weights for indicators of each level, so as to provide reference for the formulation of relevant policies and the performance evaluation of community embedded integrated medical and nursing care service with characteristics of TCM.

    Methods

    From September to October 2022, a two-dimensional theoretical framework of "embedded-performance" for the community embedded integrated medical and nursing care service with characteristics of TCM was established through literature research and based on the embeddedness theory and the structure-process-outcome theoretical model. From October to November 2022, an index system was constructed based on the two-dimensional theoretical framework of "embedded-performance", with methods of literature research, Delphi method, and field investigation. In December 2022, the analytic hierarchy process was applied to determine the weight coefficients and test the logical consistency of indicators at all levels.

    Results

    A performance evaluation index system for community embedded integrated medical and nursing care service with characteristics of TCM, containing 2 dimensions of embeddedness and embedded performance, 6 primary indicators, 19 secondary indicators, and 45 tertiary indicators was constructed. The primary indicators with the highest weight were A5 (service process) and A6 (service outcome), while the secondary and tertiary indicators with the highest combined weight were B17 (service output), B19 (service satisfaction), and C44 (elderly satisfaction). All judgment matrices have passed the consistency test with CR<0.1.

    Conclusion

    The two-dimensional theoretical framework of "embedded-performance" for community embedded integrated medical and nursing care with characteristics of TCM has strong applicability and feasibility. The performance evaluation index system constructed based on this theoretical framework has a high concentration of expert opinions, strong scientific, rationality, systematicness, hierarchy, and application value, which can provide reference for government departments to formulate relevant policies, and is an effective tool for conducting performance evaluation of community embedded integrated medical and nursing care service with characteristics of TCM.

    A Case Registry Study of Acupuncture Treatment for Stroke: Data Elements and Definitions
    YANG Lihong, ZHANG Chao, LI Zefang, YANG Chen, WANG Fei, DU Yuzheng, SHI Huiyan
    2024, 27(16):  2023-2032.  DOI: 10.12114/j.issn.1007-9572.2022.0839
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    Stroke prevention and treatment has been the focus of attention in the global medical community, and the unique advantages of acupuncture for stroke treatment are becoming increasingly prominent, Chinese guidelines for acute ischemic stroke 2018 recommend acupuncture for acute cerebral infarction patients (gradeⅡrecommendation, B-level evidence). Standardization and normalization of clinical research data can ensure the data quality of clinical research and provide assurance for data collation and mining. Case registration is a real-world study, and the consistency of data elements is one of the necessary elements to ensure plan implementation, efficient data quality, and credible clinical research evidence. Therefore, the research group developed the data elements and definitions of this project based on the national key research and development project case registration research of acupuncture and moxibustion for the treatment of stroke, in order to optimize the clinical research paradigm of acupuncture and moxibustion for the prevention and treatment of stroke.

    Review & Perspectives
    Research Progress in the Correlation of Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Metabolic-associated Fatty Liver Disease with Cardiovascular Diseases in China and Abroad
    NI Xuetong, WANG Ruoxi, ZHANG Jing, YANG Xinghua
    2024, 27(16):  2033-2038.  DOI: 10.12114/j.issn.1007-9572.2023.0084
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    Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is currently the most common chronic liver disease worldwide, its close correlation with metabolic disorders has been demonstrated in numerous studies in recent years and an expert panel has proposed renaming it metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD). NAFLD/MAFLD may not only increase the incidence and mortality of liver-related diseases but also relate to the incidence and mortality of cardiovascular diseases. This article compares the diagnostic criteria of NAFLD/MAFLD and reviews the research progress in the correlation of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and metabolic-associated fatty liver disease with cardiovascular diseases. The results show that both NAFLD/MAFLD are significantly associated with the increased incidence of cardiovascular diseases and independent risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. Furthermore, MAFLD patients have a higher risk of developing cardiovascular diseases than NAFLD patients. This article provides clinical physicians with the basis for cardiovascular risk assessment and management in NAFLD/MAFLD patients, emphasizing that in addition to the treatment of liver disease, clinical physicians should also focus on the risk of cardiovascular disease in NAFLD/MAFLD patients.

    A Scoping Review of Research on the Management of Surge Hospitals during a Major Infectious Disease Outbreak
    XU Ziwei, CHENG Kangyao, GUI Li
    2024, 27(16):  2039-2044.  DOI: 10.12114/j.issn.1007-9572.2022.0823
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    Background

    Surge hospitals play an important role in combating a major infectious disease outbreak. Compared with other situations, the management and operation of surge hospitals amid the outbreak of major infectious diseases are specific, and serious consequences will be caused if there is a loophole in the hospital management model. However, there is no research that reviews and summarizes relevant studies.

    Objective

    To perform a scoping review of the research on surge hospital management during a major infectious disease outbreak, so as to understand the elements of hospital management and research status, providing guidance for future research in this field.

    Methods

    This review used a methodological framework developed based on Arksey & O'Malley's framework and principles as well as recommendations from related scholars and colleagues' guiding principles. Studies on the management of surge hospitals amid the outbreak of major infectious diseases were searched in electronic databases of PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library and SinoMed from inception to June 17, 2022. Then the included studies were summarized and analyzed.

    Results

    Twenty-five studies were included. All studies were about the management of mobile cabin hospitals and designated hospitals for treating COVID-19 in China during the COVID-19 pandemic. The elements of surge hospital management included emergency preparedness, personnel management, operation management and service management.

    Conclusion

    The number of studies on surge hospital management has increased, with an extensive scope of research, but the quality of them is unsatisfactory, and there is a lack of unified evaluation indicators and feedback tools. In the future, efforts should be made to improve the quality of relevant studies, formulate a standardized surge hospital management process, increase the construction and implementation of evaluation indicators, so as to provide more guidance for clinical nursing practice.