During the prevention and control of the COVID-19, the decrease in routine medical care has spread across countries in various degrees, also affecting the management of chronic disease accordingly. The policies and schemes of prevention and control of the COVID-19 in China have been adjusted since December 2022, health care system has been facing serious challenges, bringing increased pressure on primary care. Based on the experiences of other countries, this paper suggests that primary care in China should pay attention to the promoting of self-management for patients with chronic diseases, providing proactive service for patients with complex situations and high demand, strengthening the application and research of telemedicine, intensifying the community connection of primary care services, focusing on the improvement of the compensation mechanism of health services.

Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease in which atheromatous plaque long-termly accumulates and obstructs the intima of medium and large arteries, causing first severe stenosis and blood flow disorders, and then ischemia and hypoxia in tissues and organs. Nanomedicines have received widespread attention for their unique advantages over conventional drugs in the treatment of atherosclerosis. This article detailedly reviews several nanoparticle- and exosome-based targeted drug delivery systems in anti-atherosclerosis research, briefly describes the synthesis of representative nanomaterials, analyses their targeting properties and outlines the benefits and inherent challenges of nanomedicines. Despite the challenges that need to be addressed and refined, nanoparticles and exosomes used as drug delivery vehiclesin treatments for atherosclerosis hold great promise and are expected to have wider clinical applications.

Diabetes is a disease frequently encountered in hospitals in China. Good glycemic management can improve clinical outcomes and shorten the length of stay of diabetic patients, enhance healthcare efficiency and save medical resources. To provide a reference for clinical glycemic management and associated research, we reviewed relevant literature, then summarized the characteristics and applicable settings of different blood glucose management modes, and detailed the advantages and limitations of three major glycemic management models, including general-specialist consultation, hospital-wide glycemic management program, and smart decision support system for blood glucose management. With the support of information technology, different glycemic management modes will contribute to the continuous improvement of efficiency and quality of hospital care.

The measurement of health has been developed from mortality-based to focus on length of life such as life expectancy, then the focus has been redirected to healthy life expectancy (HLE) globally, one measure reflecting the quality of life. The year-over-year increase in average HLE has been set by China as a national goal to be achieved during the 14th Five-Year Plan period (2021—2025) . In this article, we briefed the measurements of HLE, and reviewed the experience measuring and using the HLE in international organizations and selected countries. With consideration of the development of health statistics and information system of China, we proposed Global Activity Limitation Index (GALI) as the measurement method of HLE and goal value of HLE, including the share of HLE in life expectancy as well additional year of HLE achieved by the end of 2025. In addition, we concluded as suggestions for achieving the goal.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common chronic disease of the respiratory system that has high morbidity and mortality across the world. Like other chronic diseases, the development of COPD is a long process, and its prognosis could be improved significantly by early prevention and intervention. As the understanding of COPD in the international academic community gradually deepens, the 2022 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (GOLD) report first proposed the concept of pre-COPD. We reviewed the development of pre-COPD, analyzed its definition and diagnostic criteria, and summarized the significance of early identification of pre-COPD patients. Pre-COPD results from the widening and deepening of the existing concept of COPD prevention and treatment. A full understanding of pre-COPD will contribute to guiding the direction of COPD pathogenesis research and basic COPD research, and to improving the awareness of primary prevention of COPD in clinical practice, thereby reducing the prevalence and mortality of COPD and the burden of COPD on families and society.

Genetic susceptibility, inflammatory mechanism and unhealthy lifestyle are associated with increased risk of hypertension, a common chronic cardiovascular disease, and asthma, a common chronic respiratory disease. The research on the pathogenesis and management of hypertension with bronchial asthma has become a hotspot recently. We did a review of the latest relevant studies on hypertension and bronchial asthma. It was concluded that the co-morbidity of hypertension and asthma was related to common genetic disorders, systemic inflammation and poor lifestyle. Then gave a summary of the interaction mechanism between the two diseases and related management methods. Calcium channel blockers and angiotensin receptor antagonists were recommended as the first choice for drug treatment. This study aims at offering insights into clinical research on the pathogenesis and scientific management of hypertension with asthma.

Post-treatment recurrence is a major difficulty in the treatment of lung cancer, one of the deadliest cancers worldwide. Minimal residual disease (MRD) as a "bridgehead" for the recurrence of solid tumors, is described as the presence of free circulating tumor cells or other tumor cell derivatives in the biological fluid of patients without any clinical cancer symptoms after the primary tumor treatment. China recently issued its first Consensus on the Detection and Clinical Application of MRD in Lung Cancer, aiming at improving the postoperative individualized treatment for lung cancer patients in accordance with the MRD status detected by the liquid biopsy. We reviewed the latest advances in the use of several most widely used body fluids (peripheral blood, urine, saliva, sputum and pleural effusion) in the detection of MRD in lung cancer, and discussed their values in guiding the precise treatment of MRD in lung cancer.

In Australia, 28% of the population live in remote and rural areas, where they face many health service utilization challenges due to geographical conditions, and generally have lower health status than those living in coastal metropolitan areas. To address the challenges of accessing health services in remote and rural areas, the Australian Government Department of Health and Aged Care has introduced a geographical classification system to help healthcare providers to improve healthcare services since 1994, and regularly updated the system to adapt to the latest sociodemographic and healthcare status, as well as formulated a range of complementary health policies to support rural and remote areas. From 2018, Australian Government Department of Health and Aged Care has adopted a new classification standard, the Modified Monash Model. We reviewed Australia's practices and concluded that, to better deliver high-quality and accessible healthcare services to areas with weak healthcare resources in China, Australia's experience could be used for reference, during taking actions to promote and refine the geographic classification system for healthcare services in a timely manner, formulating policies supporting the enhancement of access to health workers systematically, and taking advantage of modern, high and new technologies.

Neurofilament light chain (NfL) has been identified as a biomarker of axonal injury in a variety of central nervous system diseases. The value of NfL as a biomarker in peripheral neuropathy has gained increasing attention. We reviewed the relationships of serum NfL with and the dynamics of axonal injury in various immune-mediated peripheral neuropathies (such as Guillain-Barre syndrome and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy), hereditary peripheral neuropathy, drug-induced peripheral neuropathies and diabetic peripheral neuropathy, and drew a conclusion after a comprehensive analysis: the quantified NfL may be used as a promising biomarker to monitor disease activity, assess short- and long-term prognosis, and also as a potential biomarker for clinical trials and monitoring treatment response.

Recent studies demonstrate that, the close interactions between pericytes (PCs) and various cells (such as cancer cells, stromal cells and immune cells) in tumor microenvironment (TME) can build an immunosuppressive TME to favor cancer growth and progression by modulating tumor angiogenesis and dysfunction via abnormal paracrine signaling pathways. In this review, we focused on recent advances in non-small-cell-lung-cancer to understand the regulatory role of PCs in TME and discussed the potential value of targeting PCs for inhibiting tumor angiogenesis and normalizing tumor vasculature to remodel TME, indicating that we can break through the dilemma of combined anti vascular therapy for solid tumors at this stage by targeting the normalization of tumor blood vessels of PCs. This may be a new strategy that could be used combinedly to improve chemotherapy, small molecule inhibitor targeted therapy or immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy.

Dementia is a major public health challenge associated with population aging. This paper introduces the background of the development of WHO "Global Action Plan on the Public Health Response to Dementia 2017—2025", with a focus on targets set across seven areas: dementia as a public health priority, dementia awareness and friendliness, dementia risk reduction, dementia diagnosis, treatment, care and support, support for dementia carers, information systems for dementia, and dementia research and innovation. We found 25 countries (regions) who have developed policies, strategies, plans or action frameworks on dementia since 2009, with targets involving areas of prevention, intervention, research, support, implementation, legislation and evaluation. As China still lacks a national dementia action plan, we put forward the following recommendations on the development of a China's national action plan on dementia: referring to the action priorities and specific measures for containing dementia of the WHO and 25 countries (regions) ; appropriately drawing lessons from successful experiences of WHO Member States in early screening for dementia in high-risk groups, reducing dementia risk factors, developing long-term dementia care insurance, creating a dementia friendly social environment, and building a national dementia monitoring system.

As main health service providers in primary care, general practitioners (GPs) undertake the responsibility of gatekeepers for residents' health. Vigorously training GPs will contribute to the transformation of the healthcare delivery model, and the addressing of the issue related to difficult and high cost of getting medical treatment in China. However, the number of qualified GPs is insufficient in China, and low income is a major factor associated with the willingness of medical students to work as a GP. How to take actions to recruit, retain and appropriately employ GPs in primary care is a problem that needs to be addressed urgently in the development of China's primary care workforce. To provide evidence for the improvement of China's payment system for GPs, we collected the information related to the payment for GPs in the United Kingdom, the United States, Australia, and China by reviewing relevant studies and relevant official websites of the four countries, and performed an inter-county comparative analysis of the information in terms of income source, income level, payment methods, payment composition, and performance appraisal. We found that the four countries have the following aspects in common: all of them own a payment system for GPs and an assessment system for service quality and effectiveness of GPs, adopt a mixed payment method for GPs, and use financial incentives to promote GPs to improve the quality of their performance. In addition, the United States and China have explored methods to decentralize the management of medical insurance funds, so that the primary healthcare institutions can independently redistribute the surplus funds which has improved the proactivity of GPs at work. And Australia has set up the "coefficient of difference" and scholarships/subsidies for GPs, and carried out free trainings for improving the service capacities of GPs working in remote areas, to increase the attractiveness of working as a GP.

The concept of entrustable professional activities (EPAs) was initiated by a medical professor in the Netherlands in 2005 with the aim of enhancing the implementation of competency-based medical education (CBME) in clinical practice. After more than ten years of development, great progress has been made in EPAs (mainly for training and assessment) in a variety of medical specialties in many countries, which has influenced general practice significantly. Some countries such as Canada, Australia and the U.S. have been developing their own EPAs in general practice, which can be applied to the supervision and assessment of trainees, and the entrustment decisions of supervisors. To our best knowledge, limited research in China has been focused on the EPAs, let alone their applications in general practice. We analysed the research developments, potential challenges and prospects of EPAs in general practice, hoping to provide evidence for future research in China.

The incidence of chronic constipation is high, and it will seriously affect people's quality of life. There are many treatment methods for chronic constipation, including dietary modification, drug therapy, acupuncture and massage, exercise, surgery, etc. Dietary modification or dietary fiber supplementation therapy is often recommended before or in combination with drug therapy, but its application in clinical practice lacks specific norms. Based on evidence-based medical evidence, this paper analyzed the importance of dietary modification in the prevention and treatment of chronic constipation and the clinical efficacy of dietary fiber supplements, natural fruits or food raw materials in the treatment of chronic constipation, and put forward the application principles and specific methods of dietary modification and dietary fiber supplementation in clinical practice, in order to provide useful assistance to specialists, general practitioners and patients with chronic constipation.

Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a leading cause of chronic kidney disease in China, which greatly negatively impacts public health and patients' quality of life. Recently, multiple guidelines have updated their recommendations to optimize the treatment and management of individuals with DKD. New antihyperglycemic drugs offer new options for DKD. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has a long history in treating DKD, and relevant theories have been continuously enriched and developed. Along with the increasing application of evidence-based medicine in TCM research, the benefits of TCM treatments in DKD have been gradually recognized and valued, such as relieving fatigue, edema, backache and other symptoms, lowering protein in the urine, protecting kidney function, enhancing treatment efficiency, reducing the risk of end-stage renal disease, and improving the long-term prognosis. This article gave a summary and strengths analysis of the latest advances in TCM and Western medicine treatments for DKD.

The prevention of sudden cardiac death after myocardial infarction in contemporary clinical practice primarily relies on the evaluation of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) . However, the single measurement is inadequate to identify people who are truly at high risk of sudden cardiac death. Based on the new clinical evidence that has been emerged in recent years, this review discussed the limitations of risk stratification for sudden death by LVEF, the exploration of early intervention in patients with high risk of sudden death after myocardial infarction, the re-stratification of patients with reduced LVEF for selecting the candidates who would benefit the most from implantable cardioverter defibrillator treatment, and the identification of patients with high risk of sudden death in those with preserved or slightly depressed LVEF. Furthermore, the paper reviewed the role of novel clinical scoring systems, cardiac magnetic resonance, noninvasive electrocardiography, and invasive electrophysiological testing in the prediction and management of sudden death.This review is expected to provide references for the long-term precise management and risk warning of patients with myocardial infarction.

Heart failure is the final main battlefield of various cardiovascular diseases with huge harm, which can cause all kinds of arrhythmias and even sudden cardiac death. The 2016 ESC guidelines formally define heart failure with mid-range ejection fraction (LVEF) in the range of 40% to 49%, aiming to refine the classification of heart failure, in order to arouse the attention of clinicians to the pathophysiology of heart failure and carry out more clinical research to better guide diagnosis and treatment. At present, there are still many controversies about the pathophysiology and treatment of HFmrEF. This article explains the characteristics of patients with HFmrEF from the aspects of epidemiology, clinical characteristics, pathophysiology, and treatment. It is found that HFmrEF is more like a transition between HFpEF and HFrEF patients than a unique phenotype. Four new drugs in the field of heart failure (ARNI, SGLT-2i, SGC, OM) and atrial septal shunts have shown different degrees of benefit in the treatment of HFmrEF patients. In the future, more clinical studies on HFmrEF (such as the HFmrEF subgroup study based on the changing trend of LVEF) are needed to deepen clinicians' understanding and understanding of HFmrEF, so as to better guide treatment.

Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease, a statement released by the American Heart Association on April 22, 2021, gives a summary of the impact of obesity on the diagnosis, clinical management and prognosis of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, heart failure, sudden cardiac death and atrial fibrillation. In view of the present clinical management of cardiovascular diseases in China, this paper interprets the content of the statement in detail, aiming to provide guidance relevant to domestic cardiovascular management practices.

As a major public health problem, dementia has attracted great global attention. Early detection and interventions targeting high-risk people of cognitive impairment, can help prevent the onset of dementia and postpone its progression. The rapid increase in the number of elderly people with dementia in China poses challenges in terms of preventive care, health promotion, social support and research innovation. So it is essential to develop a national task list of dementia prevention and treatment action plan, yet it is still in an exploratory stage. In this paper, on the basis of the review of the WHO "Global Action Plan for Public Health Response to Dementia 2017—2025", we proposed a list of tasks of "Dementia Prevention and Treatment Action Plan" for China from the perspective of WHO's global action according to current China's policies and practices and the focuses in dementia prevention and treatment and actual resources, which covers risk factor intervention, person-centred care, social support, information system construction, innovative research and science and technology transformation. It is expected that this action plan will inform relevant dementia prevention and treatment decisions as well as practical responses.

To review the strengths and limitations of the development of general practice in China during the last decade (2010—2020) and to assess the opportunities and challenges for its future development.

Data were collected from statistic reports, journal articles and official policies and guidelines regarding general practice development in China from 2010—2020. Donabedian model was applied to examine and assess the quality of essential general practice services in China. SWOT analysis was used to identify internal and external determinants of general practice development in China.

(1) Structural quality of general practice: the ten-year policies about general practice development were a continuation of the past relevant policies in essence but with developments, with highlights on continuous construction of general practice workforce and discipline, tiered diagnosis and treatment and regional medical consortium, but relevant fiscal and management policies still need improvements. The number of general medical workers has increased rapidly, while the lion's share of them are still allocated at tertiary hospitals. Full-time equivalent is suggested to be used to predict the staffing and assess the performance of these workers. The number of community health centres showed a steady increase, but its growth rate was still slower than that of hospital facilities. Relevant health economics data need to be further supplemented. (2) Process quality of general practice: in 2020, there were 2.045 billion visits in community health centers (stations) and township health centers, that is, 1.5 visits per person per year on average. There was a significant development when found only 1 visit per person per year for primary care in 2010. However, the frequency of visits for primary care was still lower than that of visiting hospital-based outpatients (an average of 2.7 visits per person per year) . The COVID-19 pandemic had a significant impact on community health services/general medical services, and the number of outpatient visits dropped by about 20%. The number of general practice research articles reached a peak in 2018, mainly focusing on bi-directional referrals, tiered diagnosis and treatment, general practitioners (GPs) /family doctors, general medicine, community health services, chronic disease management (especially hypertension and diabetes) , and analysis of factors associated with aspects involved in general medical services. General practice research is expected to provide more support for developing innovative and critical thoughts, more practice-based evidence for clinical services, and more assistance for service quality and patient outcomes improvement as the discipline advances. (3) Results of implementing general medical services: there is no sufficient evidence on the influence of general medical services on people's health. The experiences and views of people including healthy individuals and patients indicated that those receiving general medical services or contracted family doctor services perceived positive experience and expressed high satisfaction, but perceptions and views of general population in the community toward general medical services need to be explored. GPs' own experience and opinions on general practice were quite different. Gender, age, professional title, urban and rural areas, and geographical location may be associated with their experience and job satisfaction. There may be instability in the general practice workforce, mainly due to personal income, workload and time pressure. (4) The major strengths of developing general practice in China are as follows: strong policy-based promotion and government leadership; rapidly constructing and developing GPs teams owing to the excellent resource allocating ability shown by the centralized system from central to all local governments; significantly enhanced general practice education and training systems; increased core professionals as general practice educators and trainers; special development of general practice characterized by the integration of medical sciences and Chinese traditional humanistic theories. (5) The development of general practice in China has been facing limitations similar to those in other countries. Besides that, its special limitations include late development of the discipline, unsatisfactory quality of workforce, high work pressure and high prevalence of burnout in the workforce, as well as impact of generation gap on education and practice among GPs. In addition, the relation between specialists and GPs is on transition of from undifferentiated attachment to self-recognised uniquity, and further seeking transdisciplinary. The teaching competences of GPs teachers, especially those teaching community and clinical care, are inadequate. GPs team building and management need to advance from the formation to the storming and performing phases. (6) Opportunities for further development of general practice in China include strategies for achieving the goals of Healthy China, and an all-round well-off society, the important role of primary health care in sustainable development and universal health coverage reaffirmed by the Declaration of Astana, as well as significantly improved health literacy of people. (7) Challenges for the development of general practice in China include population ageing, and aging-related changes in burden of disease and socio-economic status, the aging and dynamic changes of GPs human resources, the variation of urban and rural areas and regional differences, and the inverted pyramid structure of allocation of medical and health resources (namely, the largest part is allocated to tertiary care while the smallest to primary care) . Relevant recommendations to address these challenges comprise strengthening the advocacy of the development of general practice services, establishing a wide-ranging community collaborative network, and developing general practice professional organizations.

The development of general practice in China is advancing, which is manifested as rapidly increased number of general medical workers, strong government promotion, quickly improved accessibility of essential medical services, and notably increased utilization rate of primary care services. However, the development is facing challenges, such as high discipline and social expectations regarding general practice, instability in the workforce due to high work pressure of the knowledge- and labor-intensive job, GPs' insufficient recognition of their self-identity, and unclear status of financial funding for general practice development. Given that there are unprecedented favorable conditions for general practice development, medical industries and general medical workers are suggested to make efforts to turn challenges into opportunities to develop general medical services, thereby universal health outcomes will be improved.

Since the first case of the Omicron (B.1.1.529) variant discovered in South Africa was reported to the WHO on November 24, 2021, a total of 57 countries (regions) had reported Omicron cases as of December 8, 2021. Omicron has become the dominant strain in some African countries and is spreading rapidly. Although Omicron causes mild symptoms, with most cases being asymptomatic and mild, the rapid increase in the number of cases could put a heavy strain on global health systems. In addition, its source, transmission characteristics and vaccine resistance remain unclear, which brings great challenges to pandemic prevention and control in all countries (regions) . We reviewed the latest developments in etiological characteristics, mutation sources, transmission characteristics and possible mechanisms, pandemic status, vaccine protection effect and containment measures regarding Omicron, providing a reference for scientific containment of Omicron mutant.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is now the third leading cause of death in the world, after ischemic heart disease and stroke. However, in the face of this preventable and curable major public health problem, there are still many problems in clinical diagnosis and treatment in China, such as insufficient health education, missing follow-up data, and non-standardized clinical management, which may be important causes of the deterioration of conditions, leading to increased difficulties in treating and higher possibility of poor outcome after late treatment as well as increased social and economic burden of COPD. Therefore, it is of great practical significance to accelerate the standardization of prevention, diagnosis and management of COPD to improve the accuracy and effectiveness of diagnosis and treatment of COPD. To provide a reference for emergency and respiratory clinicians to better treat COPD patients clinically, in view of domestic diagnosis, treatment and studies regarding COPD, we comprehensively analyzed the non-pharmacological treatment of stable COPD based on the updated GOLD's Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, mainly including pulmonary function measurement and assessment, smoking cessation, pulmonary rehabilitation, oxygen therapy, ventilatory support and surgical interventions.

Respiratory diseases are getting more and more attention, and their complex and changeable symptoms have brought a series of challenges to medical treatment. Many common clinical examination methods are not enough to comprehensively deal with the situation, and clinical examination methods are urgently needed to provide accurate and effective basis for diagnosis and treatment. The exhaled breath condensate (EBC) is a respiratory tract lining fluid obtained non-invasively, which is a new important source of biomarkers for respiratory diseases with high clinical research value. The EBC-based biomarker detection method can effectively reflect the changes in the patient's condition and optimize the treatment schedule. This method has received increasing clinical attention due to its advantages of simple operation, safety, non-invasiveness, high reproducibility, and good compliance. This article systematically analyzed the application status of biomarkers in EBC in the diagnosis, monitoring, efficacy evaluation and prognosis of respiratory diseases, and proposes corresponding problems in its collections, detection specifications and clinical applications, and provide a strong basis for its wide clinical application.

Cervical cancer is a type of malignancy that severely threatens women's health. For invasive cervical cancer, standardized preoperative staging and assessment are essential before the start of treatment. With regard toearly cervical cancer, surgery is the major treatment, with considerations for the latest updates in relevant guidelines, and the determination of extent of resection as well as the selection of proper surgical approach. For advanced or relapsed cervical cancer, radiotherapy and chemotherapy are the main treatments. However, there are many challenges and controversies regarding the treatment and clinical research of cervical cancer. We mainly discussed the present status and challenges of cervical cancer diagnosis and treatment based on clinical guidelines and practices, aiming at bettering the real-world practice with the support of clinical guidelines.

Due to the distinct pathophysiological features of the elderly，geriatric care has always been a particular concern of healthcare and other fields.Most elderly patients need physical，psychological，social and other types of care，so comprehensive understanding of their health status is a key basis for satisfying their healthcare needs via delivering the appropriate management.Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment （CGA） is widely used in recent years to assess the health conditions of the elderly from multiple perspectives，including medical，physical，cognitive，psychological，social，environmental and other components，so as to perform the diagnosis and deliver appropriate treatment.The method includes both overall assessment and targeted interventions，and advocates multidisciplinary management，fully embodying the modern health concept of holistic health.Early performing CGA and giving interventions，can delay the decline of the body function of the elderly to various degrees，shorten the hospitalization time，reduce the admission rate and mortality，and also can provide important reference for both health management and medical care.We reviewed the application of CGA in clinical practice，including the evaluation contents，application methods，application scope and limitations of CGA in different situations，providing clinical assistance for healthcare professionals.

The number of patients with eating disorders is increasing nowadays China. It influences more and more adolescents and young women in psychosomatic health. This review focuses on the domestic and overseas new progress of concepts and classification， epidemiology， diagnosis， prognosis， influential factors and treatment from the professional point-of-view in eating disorders. Finally it gives some suggestions to general practitioners， providing guidance of diagnosis and treatment for eating disorders in China.

The elderly has higher demand of health care than other populations，but prescribing in older people is rather complex.As they have ageing organs and declined functions with pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic changes and tend to be multimorbid，polypharmacy is very common among the aged.Therefore，how to promote the rational drug use in the context of growing global ageing is a urgent problem to be solved.In August 2018，the Australia and New Zealand Society of Geriatric Medicine（ANZSGM） issued a position statement of prescribing in older people，which indicated many aspects of challenges of prescribing in older people and the adverse outcome of irrational prescription，explained the medical ethics involved and put forward the strategies of improving prescription quality.In light of the important reference value of the position statement to the problem of rational drug use in China，this article illustrates some ideas to improve the prescription in older people combined with domestic situation based on the conclusion of key points from the original text.

According to the World Health Organization （WHO），about 20% to 30% of children worldwide suffer from seasonal influenza every year.In flu season，the annual infection rate can be as high as 50%.Children aged 5-9 years have the highest infection rate，and children under 5 years have the highest rate of influenza-related hospitalization.Severe flu and death cases often occur in children under 2 years.The American Academy of Pediatrics （AAP） has revised the Recommendations for Prevention and Control of Influenza in Children for several years，focusing on influenza prevention，vaccine use，and antiviral drug prescriptions，and noted that vaccination is the best preventive measure against influenza.This article interpreted the key content of Recommendations for Prevention and Control of Influenza in Children（2018—2019） formulated by AAP Committee on Infectious Diseases.The content included that updated trivalent （including influenza A H1N1，H3N2 and influenza B Victoria） or quadvalent （Influenza B Yamagata） inactivated influenza vaccine （IIV） should be the first choice for children's vaccination during the influenza season from 2018 to 2019；antiviral drugs are important for influenza control，which can be used as an important supplementary means of influenza prevention，but they can not replace influenza vaccine inoculation；influenza-infected children with high risks of influenza are recommended to use antiviral therapy as soon as possible；general practitioners，other health workers should pay attention to vaccine for children before the influenza season arrives，and even during influenza epidemics.

Familial hypercholesterolemia （FH） is a lipid-metabolic autosomal dominant genetic disease characterized by elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol，which is a serious hazard to cardiovascular health.This article describes the etiology，common diagnostic criteria and current diagnostic rates of FH.At the same time，it outlines the latest international FH guidelines and the guidelines and diagnostic criteria issued in China for FH，and we also summarizes the current treatments of FH.On this basis，we analyzed the work and enlightenment of the treatment and management of FH in China，in order to identify FH at early stage and provide patients with better treatment.

The Seoul Declaration was launched at the 2018 Global Conference of the World Organization of Family Doctors （WONCA）． This editorial summarises its content，the reason for its launch，and evaluates the rationale for such advocacy statements，including a parallel review of the Astana Declaration launched by World Health Organization Member States，to mark the fortieth anniversary of Alma-Ata Declaration.

The publication of the Alma-Ata Declaration at the International Primary Health Care Conference in 1978 is a milestone in global health history.The concept of primary health care（PHC） proposed at the meeting 40 years ago laid the foundation for the development of a modern，high-quality national health system.China has played a key role in the formation and development of the original concept of PHC by introducing its implementation experience of the barefoot doctor system and Rural Cooperative Medical Scheme.Since the adoption of the Alma-Ata Declaration，most developed countries and regions in the world，as well as Cuba，a developing country，have successfully established relatively mature PHC systems，but also witnessed failure of achievements in most developing countries.Since 2009，China has started a new round of health reform in Chinese mainland and has obtained many achievements，but its PHC system development is still in the initial phase.This paper reviews and analyzes the history，results and experience of the global development of PHC over the past 40 years，and puts forward that the unsatisfied development of a PHC system in China is due to the failure of strategic emphasis on contemporary high-quality health education and professional training，and lack of government requirements on the establishment of a vigorous high-quality health workforce for delivering high-quality health care services.On this basis，the concept of a dual-center construction （two-wheel drive） for the development of a national high-quality PHC system was proposed，that is，simultaneously building a people-centered basic health care system and a health workforce-centered health care system.It is hoped that this concept can provide a new way of thinking and strategic choice for the ongoing health reform and PHC system establishment in China.

The incidence of cardiovascular diseases during pregnancy in women with heart disease，including previous and newly diagnosed ones is from 0.5% to 3.0%，and it is one of the important causes of maternal mortality.Pregnancy complicated with heart diseases has always been the primary non-obstetric factor of maternal mortality，which highlights the importance of improving the diagnosis，treatment and management of pregnancy complicating heart disease in reducing maternal mortality and improving both maternal and infant outcomes.Because of its complex etiology，hemodynamic changes，coagulation mechanism changes，and pregnancy complications，the diagnosis and treatment of pregnancy complicated with heart disease involves gynecology，obstetrics，cardiology，cardiac surgery，anesthesiology and critical care medicine.Therefore，effective communication and cooperation among different disciplines is the key to the diagnosis and treatment of pregnant women with heart disease.In addition，not every pregnant woman complicated with heart disease has extremely high-risk pregnancy.Therefore，stratified management is the most basic management concept.Community-level health care services and most institutions with the department of maternal and child healthcare should identify，diagnose and assess risks before and during early pregnancy.

With the development of society and the increase of priority given to mental health，the impact on patients caused by bipolar disorders is brought into focus. How to make a correct diagnosis and treatment is a big challenge to every psychiatrist. In this review，key content and changes for the CANMAT/ISBD 2018 guidelines for the management of patients with bipolar disorders are addressed. The main contents include the general highlights of the guidelines，the basis of bipolar disorders management，drug treatment and the role and recommendation of psychosocial intervention，hoping to give a hand to clinicians to better understand the new guidelines.

At the Global Conference on Primary Health Care held on October 25，2018，197 member states of the WHO unanimously adopted the Astana Declaration，which reviews the Alma-Ata Declaration and puts forward the direction of action towards universal health coverage.The core idea of the Alma-Ata Declaration and Astana Declaration is justice，equality and solidarity，and both of them clearly point out that "Health for All" is the most important social goal，and primary health care is a vital approach to the achievement of this goal.As an essential part of primary health care，general practice services play a major role in the attainment of the goal of "Health for All".On the basis of the global status of implementation of primary health care，and the specific contents of the Astana Declaration，we analyzed the ways for developing general practice，with a view to offering a reference for the sustainable development of general practice.

在生理过程中，心脏和肾脏协同工作、相互补充和代偿另一个器官的功能，是维持循环系统稳定性最重要的两个器官。此时，两个器官中任何一个功能改变，势必影响另一个器官。这种稳定性的维持十分复杂，涉及对心肾功能间的精细调节和神经内分泌活性的控制，包括利钠肽家族、肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统和交感神经系统。一个器官的功能损害或疾病可以引发、加重或直接参与另一个器官的功能损害和疾病进程，并形成恶性循环（互害）。另外，心肾间的相互作用还受到一些疾病或危险因素的共同作用，包括老化、高血压、糖尿病、动脉粥样硬化等（共病）。仅以动脉硬化为例，老化的机械应力引起的大动脉硬化本身就可以独立参与两个器官功能损害和疾病发生。然而，在进展期肾病中，血流动力学和神经内分泌的稳定性遭到破坏，容量负荷和压力负荷明显增加，心肾损伤的风险增大。与此同时，一些药物的清除和代谢也受到影响。所有这些因素对心肾疾病的共存埋下隐患，老年人尤为明显。当两类疾病共存时，病理损害效应显著放大，预示着不良预后，药物治疗需谨慎。因此，心肾疾病预防及诊疗一体化的理念，需要广泛地推广和普及。