Chinese General Practice ›› 2025, Vol. 28 ›› Issue (22): 2740-2749.DOI: 10.12114/j.issn.1007-9572.2023.0748

• Original Research • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Significance of Elevated Urinary NGAL, TIM-1, VCAM-1 and Activin A in Patients with New Diagnosed Multiple Myeloma

  

  1. 1. Department of Hematology, Beijing Chao-yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100043, China
    2. Department of clinical laboratory, Beijing Chao-yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100043, China
  • Received:2024-12-10 Revised:2025-07-01 Published:2025-08-05 Online:2025-06-30
  • Contact: HUANG Zhongxia
  • About author:

    CHEN Fei and WANG Jinying are co-first authors

中性粒细胞明胶酶相关运载蛋白、T细胞免疫球蛋白粘蛋白受体1、血管细胞黏附分子-1和激活素A升高在新诊断多发性骨髓瘤患者中的意义研究

  

  1. 1.100043 北京市,首都医科大学附属北京朝阳医院石景山院区血液科
    2.100043 北京市,首都医科大学附属北京朝阳医院石景山院区检验科
  • 通讯作者: 黄仲夏
  • 作者简介:

    陈飞和王金英为共同第一作者

    作者贡献:

    陈飞、王金英负责患者选取与样本采集,并进行试验分析、总结与撰写论文;于海搏、李新、张佳佳、申曼、詹晓凯、汤然、范斯斌、赵凤仪、张天宇协助数据收集与整理、图表绘制与展示;黄仲夏指导选题和设计、负责文章质量控制,对文章整体负责。

  • 基金资助:
    北京市科技计划课题(Z171100000417010); 北京市石景山区卫生与健康委员会医学重点学科建设项目(石卫健医发[2021]2号)

Abstract:

Background

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a malignant plasma cell disease, nearly half of patients have MM-related renal impairment (KI) at diagnosis, which is associated with increased mortality. Early recognition and treatment of KI has the potential to reverse renal function and improve patient's survival. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated transporter (NGAL) , T-cell immunoglobulin mucin receptor 1 (TIM-1) , vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) , and activin A are associated with the pathological processes such as cell proliferation, tumor invasion, and KI. The above indicators are promising as relevant indicators for the early diagnosis of MM related KI.

Objective

To investigate the significance of novel biomarkers NGAL, TIM-1, VCAM-1 and activin A in the MM disease evolution, staging and prognosis of newly diagnosed MM (NDMM) with KI.

Methods

A total of 70 patients with MM were screened as the research subjects, they were admitted to the our hospital from January 2017 to February 2022, including 62 NDMM patients, 8 smoldering MM (SMM) patients, and 12 cases with MGUS, 7 cases with MGRS, and 20 healthy controls (HC) were admitted to this study, their urine and serum samples were stored for analysis. The clinical data of all subjects were collected, and the bone marrow biopsy, M protein examination and imaging examination of MGUS, MGRS and NDMM patients were statistically analyzed. It was detected using ELISA method of urinary or serum concentration of NGAL, TIM-1, VCAM-1 and activin A. According to the disease state, they were divided into four groups MGUS, MGRS, NDMM and HC group. According to whether there was KI, they were divided into two groups KIgroup of 40 cases and the non-KI (NKI) group of 30 cases. KI group was divided into MM three subgroups according to dynamic disease treatment status, pre-treatment MM, above partial response (PR) after treatment (>PR) group (20 cases) , and disease recurrence (relapsed MM) group of 11 cases. Spearman correlation analysis was used to analyze the correlation of each factor, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were plotted to analyze the diagnostic value of each detected factor for NDMM with KI, and optimal cut off values and other indicators were calculated and divided into higher than the optimal cut off value group and lower than the optimal cut off value group according to the optimal cut off value of each detected factor, and Kaplan-Meier method was used to analyze the overall survival (OS) status of each detected factor in the higher than the optimal cut off value group and lower than the optimal cut off value group. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to analyze the influencing factors of all-cause mortality in NDMM patients with KI.

Results

The levels of uNGAL, uTIM-1, uVCAM-1, sTIM-1, and uActivin A in the NDMM group were higher than those in the MGUS and HC groups (P<0.05) . The levels of uNGAL, uTIM-1, uVCAM-1, sTIM-1, and uActivin A in the MGRS group were higher than those in the MGUS group (P<0.05) . The levels of uNGAL, uTIM-1, uVCAM-1, sTIM-1, and uActivin A in the KI group were higher than those in the NKI group (P<0.05) . The levels of uNGAL, uTIM-1, uVCAM-1, sTIM-1 and uActivin A in pre-treatment MM subgroup and relapsed MM subgroup were higher than those in > PR subgroup (P<0.05) . The uNGAL, uTIM-1, uVCAM-1, sTIM-1, and uActivin A were positively correlated with creatinine, β2-microglobulin, and R-ISS stages and negatively correlated with glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) (P<0.05) . The uNGAL, uTIM-1, sTIM-1, and uActivin A were positively correlated with 24 h urinary light chain levels (P<0.05) . The uNGAL and uTIM-1 were positively correlated with the proportion of clonal plasma cells (P<0.05) . According to the ROC curve, the optimal cut off values of uNGAL, uTIM-1, uVCAM-1 and uActivin A for the diagnosis of MM related KI were 14.774 ng/mL, 1.978 ng/mL, 144.400 ng/mL, and 33.730 pg/mL respectively. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that patients above the respective optimal cutoff values of uNGAL, uTIM-1, sTIM-1, uVCAM-1, and uActivin A had worse OS (P<0.05) . Multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analysis showed that uNGAL and R-ISS stages were the factors influencing all-cause mortality in NDMM patients with KI (P<0.05) .

Conclusion

The uNGAL, uTIM-1, uVCAM-1 and uActivin A may be associated with the progression of MM and MM kidney injuried, and the early markers of tubular injury, which were helpful for the early diagnosis and treatment of myeloma patients with kidney injuried. uNGAL, uTIM-1, uVCAM-1, uActivin A were related with β2-microglobulin, R-ISS stage, 24 h urinary light chain, proportion of clonal plasma cells and other tumor burden indicators and the overall survivals (OS) of MM patients. These results suggest that these factors were not only serve as an effective supplement to novel biomarkers of kidney injury in clinical practice in addition to serum creatinine, but also as novel anti-MM therapeutic targets in the future. The uNGAL, uTIM-1, uVCAM-1, and uActivin A may be associated with MM disease progression and KI. They are early markers of tubular injury, facilitate the early diagnosis and treatment of MM patients with KI, and are associated with tumor burden indicators such as R-ISS stage, 24 h urinary light chain, and clonal plasma cell ratio and overall survival of MM patients.

Key words: Multiple myeloma, Kidney injuried, Prognosis, Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 1, Vascular cell adhesion molecule 1, Activin A, Immunoglobulin light chain

摘要:

背景

多发性骨髓瘤(MM)是一种恶性浆细胞病,近半数患者在就诊时存在MM相关肾损害(KI),与患者死亡率增加有关。早期识别和治疗KI,有可能逆转肾功能,改善患者生存状况。中性粒细胞明胶酶相关运载蛋白(NGAL)、T细胞免疫球蛋白粘蛋白受体1(TIM-1)、血管细胞黏附分子-1(VCAM-1)和激活素A与细胞增殖、侵袭和KI等病理过程相关。上述指标有希望成为MM相关KI早期诊断的指标。

目的

探讨新型生物标志物NGAL、TIM-1、VCAM-1和激活素A在新诊断MM(NDMM)合并KI的病情演变、分期和预后中的意义。

方法

选取2017年1月—2022年2月首都医科大学附属北京朝阳医院石景山院区血液科住院的70例NDMM患者,包括62例症状性MM和8例冒烟型MM(SMM);同时纳入12例意义未明单克隆丙种球蛋白血症(MGUS)患者、7例肾脏意义的单克隆免疫球蛋白血症(MGRS)患者及20例健康对照(HC)。收集纳入者的临床资料及MGUS、MGRS、NDMM患者骨髓穿刺活检、M蛋白检查、影像学检查结果;应用酶联免疫吸附法检测尿NGAL(uNGAL)、尿TIM-1(uTIM-1)、血清TIM-1(sTIM-1)、尿VCAM-1(uVCAM-1)、尿激活素A水平。根据疾病状态将研究对象分为MGUS组、MGRS组、NDMM组和HC组,根据KI情况将患者分为MGUS组、MGRS组、KI组和非肾损伤(NKI)组,KI组依据动态疾病治疗状态分为治疗前MM亚组、治疗后达到部分治疗反应(PR)以上(>PR)亚组、复发MM亚组。各指标的相关性采用Spearman秩相关分析,绘制受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线以分析各指标对NDMM合并KI的诊断价值,计算最佳截断值;依据各指标的最佳截断值分为高于最佳截断值组及低于最佳截断值组,采用Kaplan-Meier方法分析各指标在高于最佳截断值组和低于最佳截断值组的总生存期(OS);并采用COX比例风险回归分析NDMM合并KI患者全因死亡的影响因素。

结果

NDMM组的uNGAL、uTIM-1、uVCAM-1、sTIM-1和尿激活素A水平高于MGUS组和HC组(P<0.05),MGRS组的uNGAL、uTIM-1、uVCAM-1、sTIM-1和尿激活素A水平高于MGUS组(P<0.05),KI组的uNGAL、uTIM-1、uVCAM-1、sTIM-1和尿激活素A水平高于NKI组(P<0.05),治疗前MM亚组、复发MM亚组的uNGAL、uTIM-1、uVCAM-1、sTIM-1和尿激活素A水平高于>PR亚组(P<0.05)。uNGAL、uTIM-1、uVCAM-1、sTIM-1及尿激活素A与肌酐、β2-微球蛋白、R-ISS分期呈正相关(P<0.05),与估算肾小球滤过率呈负相关(P<0.05)。uNGAL、uTIM-1、sTIM-1、尿激活素A与24 h尿轻链水平呈正相关(P<0.05),uNGAL、uTIM-1与克隆性浆细胞比例呈正相关(P<0.05)。根据ROC曲线得出诊断MM相关KI的uNGAL、uTIM-1、uVCAM-1、尿激活素A最佳截断值分别为14.774 ng/mL、1.978 ng/mL、144.400 ng/mL、33.730 pg/mL。Kaplan-Meier结果显示,高于uNGAL、uTIM-1、sTIM-1、uVCAM-1、尿激活素A各自最佳截断值的患者OS更差(P<0.05);多因素COX比例风险回归分析结果显示,uNGAL、R-ISS分期是NDMM合并KI患者全因死亡的影响因素(P<0.05)。

结论

uNGAL、uTIM-1、uVCAM-1、尿激活素A可能与MM病情进展和KI有关,是肾小管损伤的早期标志物,有利于MM合并KI患者的早期诊治,且与R-ISS分期、24 h尿轻链、克隆性浆细胞比例等肿瘤负荷指标和MM患者总体生存相关。

关键词: 多发性骨髓瘤, 肾损伤, 预后, 中性粒细胞明胶酶相关载脂蛋白, T细胞免疫球蛋白粘蛋白受体1, 血管细胞黏附分子1, 激活素A, 免疫球蛋白轻链

CLC Number: