The increasing incidence of childhood obesity has emerged as a novel challenge in the realm of global public health. Studies have demonstrated that alterations in the composition of intestinal flora during the early stages of life contribute to the development of obesity by influencing nutrient absorption and metabolism, triggering inflammatory responses, and regulating the communication between the gut and brain. Currently, Bifidobacterium and Akkermansia muciniphila have been found to reduce body fat content, exhibit anti-inflammatory properties, and enhance intestinal barrier function, whereas Prevotella is strongly associated with improvements in individual glucose metabolism induced by dietary fiber. Translational application of specific intestinal flora benefits to body glycolipid metabolism is helpful for the early prevention and therapy of pediatric obesity. This review elucidates the impact of early-life changes in intestinal flora composition on childhood obesity explores the mechanisms by which intestinal flora contributes to obesity pathogenesis, and specifically focuses on recent advances in utilizing short-chain fatty acids for the regulation of intestinal flora and the amelioration of obesity, aiming to provide a theoretical foundation for the intervention of childhood obesity from the perspective of intestinal flora.

儿童肥胖发病率逐年升高，已成为全球公共卫生领域面临的新挑战。研究表明，生命早期肠道菌群的改变可通过影响机体营养吸收与代谢、诱发炎症反应及肠-脑轴的调控等机制导致儿童肥胖的发展。目前，双歧杆菌和嗜黏蛋白阿克曼菌被发现能够降低体内脂肪含量、发挥抗炎特性及增强肠道屏障功能，而普雷沃氏菌则与膳食纤维诱导的个体糖代谢改善密切相关。针对具有改善机体糖脂代谢作用的部分肠道菌群进行转化应用，将有助于儿童肥胖的早期防治。本文主要介绍了生命早期肠道菌群的组成变化对儿童肥胖的影响以及肠道菌群参与肥胖发病的机制，重点阐述了短链脂肪酸在调节肠道菌群和改善肥胖中的最新研究进展，旨在为从肠道菌群视角干预儿童肥胖的发展提供理论依据。