The prevalence and epidemiology of pre-treatment drug resistance (PDR) and acquired drug resistance (ADR) among HIV-infected individuals vary considerably in different regions of China. Both types of drug resistance have adverse effects on the antiviral treatment outcomes for patients, potentially exacerbating their poor prognosis. Currently, there is a paucity of research on the prevalence and epidemiology of PDR and ADR among HIV-infected individuals in Southwest China.

This study investigated the prevalence and epidemiology of pre-treatment drug resistance and acquired drug resistance among people living with HIV (PLWH) in Southwest China.

This was a large cross-sectional study that enrolled PLWH who visited Guiyang Public Health Clinical Center between January 1, 2021, and June 30, 2023, and underwent drug resistance gene testing. HIV-1 genotype and drug resistance were analyzed using HIV-1 pol sequence. The Stanford University HIV Drug Resistance Database was used to analyze major drug resistance mutations in the reverse transcriptase and protease Sanger sequences. Risk factors associated with pre-treatment drug resistance were evaluated using a Logistic regression model.

A total of 1 613 individuals were included in the study, with 824 ART-naive and 789 ART-experienced. The most common genotype among ART-naive patients was B+C (47.0%), and the drug resistance rate was 18.7% (154/824) with non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) accounting for 14.9% (123/824), nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) accounting for 1.7% (14/824), protease inhibitors (PIs) accounting for 2.7% (22/824), and integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs) accounting for 1.9% (16/824). Among the ART-experienced patients, the most common genotype was CRF01-AE (37.4%), with a drug resistance rate of 27.8% (219/789). The mutation rates for NNRTIs, NRTIs, PIs, and INSTIs were 7.7% (61/789), 19.3% (152/789), 2.7% (21/789), and 1.1% (9/789), respectively. Furthermore, multivariate Logistic regression modeling revealed that transmission route, CD₄⁺ T-cell count, viral load, and the time interval between diagnosis and ART initiation were associated with an increased risk of pre-treatment drug resistance (P<0.05) .

The incidence of pre-treatment drug resistance and acquired drug resistance mutations among PLWH in Southwest China is relatively high, 18.7% and 27.8% respectively. Transmission route, CD₄⁺ T-cell count, viral load, and the time interval between diagnosis and ART initiation are associated with an increased risk of pretreatment drug resistance. Therefore, to prevent the development of resistance, there is an urgent need for routine baseline genotypic resistance testing and adequate intervals for viral load monitoring.

中国不同地区人类免疫缺陷病毒（HIV）感染者的治疗前耐药（PDR）和获得性耐药（ADR）的患病率及流行情况差异较大。这两种耐药对患者的抗病毒治疗效果具有不良影响，可能会加剧患者不良预后的发生。目前针对中国西南地区的HIV感染者PDR和ADR患病率及流行情况的研究较少。

调查在中国西南地区HIV感染者PDR和ADR的患病率及流行情况。

纳入2021-01-01—2023-06-30在贵阳市公共卫生救治中心就诊并进行耐药基因检测的HIV感染者。使用HIV-1 pol序列分析HIV-1基因型和耐药性。使用斯坦福大学HIV耐药性数据库分析逆转录酶和蛋白酶Sanger序列的主要耐药性突变。通过Logistic回归模型评估与PDR相关的风险因素。

共1 613例HIV感染者参与研究，其中824例初治，789例经治。初治患者最常见的基因型为B+C（47.0%），耐药率为18.7%（154/824），非核苷类逆转录酶抑制剂（NNRTIs）为14.9%（123/824），核苷类逆转录酶抑制剂（NRTIs）为1.7%（14/824），蛋白酶抑制剂（PIs）为2.7%（22/824），整合酶链转移抑制剂（INSTIs）为1.9%（16/824）。经治患者最常见的基因型为CRF01-AE（37.4%），耐药率为27.8%（219/789），NNRTIs、NRTIs、PIs和INSTIs的突变率分别为7.7%（61/789）、19.3%（152/789）、2.7%（21/789）和1.1%（9/789）。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示，传播途径、CD₄⁺ T细胞计数、病毒载量和确诊与抗逆转录病毒疗法（ART）间隔时间是HIV感染者PDR的影响因素（P<0.05）。

流行于中国西南地区的HIV感染者PDR和ADR发生率较高，分别为18.7%和27.8%。PDR的影响因素包括传播途径、CD₄⁺ T细胞计数、病毒载量和确诊与ART间隔时间。因此，为了避免耐药性发生，迫切需要常规基线基因型耐药性检测和足够的病毒载量监测间隔时间。