Abstract: Background　Given the considerable quantity of shiduers（parents who have lost their only child），their mental health deserves close attention.This is related to loss characteristics，features directly concerning the object or event of loss.However，few studies have systematically investigated the relationship between various loss characteristics and shiduers' mental health.Furthermore，little research has explored shiduers' mental health according to both positive and negative indicators.Objective　To conduct a systematic investigation of the relationship between loss characteristics and shiduers' mental health.Methods　The subjects，466 shiduers from Beijing，Harbin，Zhengzhou，Chongqing，and Baotou，were selected by use of convenience and snow ball sampling from June to December 2017，and were investigated using a self-developed Loss Characteristics Questionnaire，the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale（CES-D），the Zung Self-rating Anxiety Scale（SAS），the PTSD checklist（PCL），the Prolonged Grief Disorder-13（PG-13），the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory（PTGI），and the Adult Dispositional Hope Scale（ADHS）．Results　Duration since the child's death showed a significantly negative correlation with shiduers' anxiety（P<0.05），but demonstrated no significant correlation with shiduers' depression，post-traumatic stress disorder，prolonged grief disorder，post-traumatic growth，or hope（P>0.05）．The child's age at time of death was positively correlated with shiduers' depression and prolonged grief disorder（P<0.05），but not significantly correlated with shiduers' anxiety，post-traumatic stress disorder，post-traumatic growth，or hope（P>0.05）．Mothers who lost their only daughter had higher scores for depression，post-traumatic stress disorder，and prolonged grief disorder（P<0.05），whereas fathers had no such difference（P>0.05）．Shiduers with forewarning of the loss event had lower scores for post-traumatic stress disorder and higher scores for post-traumatic growth（P<0.05）than those with no forewarning.Scores for depression，anxiety，post-traumatic stress disorder，prolonged grief disorder，post-traumatic growth，and hope could not be predicted by the death of other important relatives after the child loss event（P>0.05）．The deceased child having offspring predicted lower scores for shiduers' anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder（P<0.05）．Parents whose child died in an accident experienced higher prolonged grief and lower post-traumatic growth and hope（P<0.05）．Conclusion　Factors related to shiduers' mental health include duration since the child's death，the child's age at death，the child's gender，forewarning of the loss event，whether the deceased child had offspring，and cause of death.This study's results can be used as a reference for psychological counseling and guidance of shiduers.

Key words: Shiduers, Loss characteristics, Mental health, Mental health services

摘要： 背景　失独群体数量庞大，其心理健康值得关注。丧失特征是指与丧失对象或丧失事件直接相关的特征，其与失独者的心理健康之间存在关联，但少有研究能够系统地考察多种丧失特征与失独者心理健康的关系，亦少有研究同时采用正性和负性指标来综合考察失独者的心理健康。目的　系统考察丧失特征与失独者心理健康的关系。方法　于2017年6—12月采用方便取样和滚雪球取样法，从北京、哈尔滨、郑州、重庆、包头选取466名失独者作为被试，采用丧失特征调查表、流调用抑郁量表（CES-D）、Zung焦虑自评量表（SAS）、创伤后应激障碍检查表（PCL）、延长哀伤问卷（PG-13）、创伤后成长量表（PTGI）及希望量表（ADHS）进行调查。结果　孩子去世时长与失独者焦虑呈负相关（P<0.05），与失独者抑郁、创伤后应激障碍、延长哀伤、创伤后成长及希望无相关（P>0.05）；孩子去世时的年龄与失独者抑郁和延长哀伤呈正相关（P<0.05），与失独者焦虑、创伤后应激障碍、创伤后成长及希望无相关（P>0.05）；丧失女孩的失独母亲有更高的抑郁、创伤后应激障碍及延长哀伤得分（P<0.05），但失独父亲则无此差异（P>0.05）；相比对失独事件没有预期的失独者，事先有预期者的创伤后应激障碍得分更低、创伤后成长得分更高（P<0.05）；失独事件后有其他重要亲人去世的失独者与没有其他重要亲人去世者相比，其抑郁、焦虑、创伤后应激障碍、延长哀伤、创伤后成长及希望得分无差异（P>0.05）；孩子去世时留有后代的失独者与孩子去世时没有后代的失独者相比，其焦虑和创伤后应激障碍得分更低（P<0.05）；若孩子因意外事故去世，失独者有较高的延长哀伤得分及较低的创伤后成长和希望水平得分（P<0.05）。结论　孩子去世时长、去世时的年龄、孩子的性别、对失独事件的预期、是否有孙辈、孩子去世原因等丧失特征均与失独者的心理健康有关，失独后的其他重要亲人去世事件与失独者的心理健康无明显关联。本研究结果可作为对失独者进行心理疏导工作的参考依据。

关键词:  , 失独者；丧失特征；精神卫生；精神卫生服务