Previous studies on the benefits of aerobic exercise mainly focus on the impact of aerobic exercise on long-term cardiovascular health and outcomes, namely regular aerobic exercise can improve arterial stiffness, while some studies point out that high blood sugar increases arterial stiffness.

To investigate the immediate effect of aerobic exercise on arterial stiffness in people with different blood glucose levels.

This study selected individuals who had participated in the 6th follow-up physical examination of the Kailuan Study during 2018—2020 and participated in the 5th national physical fitness surveillance in 2020 and completed their brachial-ankle pulse wave conduction velocity (baPWV) measured before and after the secondary load test of the power vehicle bicycle in four subordinate enterprises of Kailuan Group. Epidemiological survey result were collected: general information (age, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, history of antihypertensive drugs, etc.) , anthropometric indicators〔systolic blood pressure (SBP) , diastolic blood pressure (DBP) , etc.〕and biochemical indicators (fasting blood glucose, etc.) . baPWV measured in the secondary load test of the power vehicle bicycle (used as the aerobic exercise) was used as an indicator of upper and lower limb arterial stiffness. baPWV-related indicators〔SBP, DBP, mean arterial pressure (MAP) , heart rate (HR) , baPWV, metabolic equivalent (MET) , maximal oxygen uptake (VO₂max) , etc.〕before and after the test were expressed using a unified form, for example, pre- and post-test baPWV were recorded as baPWV1 and baPWV2, respectively, and its pre- and post-test difference was denoted as ?baPWV. The epidemiological survey result and BAPWV-related data were compared between fasting blood glucose (FBG) quartile groups〔Q1 (n=220) : <5.00 mmol/L; Q2 (n=240) : 5.00-<5.40 mmol/L; Q3 (n=230) : 5.40-<5.81 mmol/L; Q4 (n=234) : ≥5.81 mmol/L〕. Generalized linear regression model was used to evaluate the association of FBG with pre- and post-test baPWV.

A total of 924 eligible cases were enrolled, with an average age of (36.9±7.7) years. FBG quartile groups had statistically significant differences in mean age, hyperlipidemia and hypertension, history of using antihypertensive drugs, mean SBP, DBP, FBG, high sensitivity C-reactive protein, triglyceride, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P<0.01) . HR2 was found to be statistically significant higher than HR1 in groups Q1, Q2 and Q3 (P<0.01) . The baPWV2 was found to be statistically significant higher than baPWV1 in Q1, Q2, Q3 and Q4 groups (P<0.01) . SBP1, DBP1, MAP1 and baPWV1 significantly differed across the groups, and so did SBP2, DBP2, MAP2 and baPWV2 (P<0.01) . Compared with baPWV1, baPWV2 decreased by an average of 36.0 cm/s in people with different blood glucose levels. The generalized linear regression model showed that after adjusting for confounding factors, the ?baPWV level in group Q1 was lower than that in group Q4〔B (95%CI) =-18.96 (-36.96, -0.96) , P=0.04) 〕.

Aerobic exercise can immediately improve the degree of arterial stiffness, but the effect can be weakened by high blood sugar. Clinicians should design aerobic exercise programs according to the personal features of populations to improve arteriosclerosis and delay vascular aging.

As a new indicator of glycemic management, time in range (TIR) is significantly related to short-term glycemic variability, but whether it is also associated with long-term glycemic variability is still unclear.

To investigate the relationship of TIR with coefficient of variability (CV) of HbA_1c and HbA_1c variability score (HVS) during a long-term follow-up in elderly male patients with type 2 diabetes.

Two hundred elderly male type 2 diabetic inpatients from the Second Medical Center of PLA General Hospital were enrolled from January 2007 to January 2011. All of them underwent continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) during hospitalization, and by the baseline TIR derived from CGM, they were divided into TIR≥85% group (n=141) and TIR<85% group (n=59), and followed up for (12.5±1.1) years. The CV of HbA_1c and HVS in the follow-up were compared between the groups. The relationships of TIR with the CV of HbA_1c and HVS were analyzed using Pearson correlation analysis and multivariate linear regression analysis.

The long-term CV of HbA_1c〔 (9.7±3.8) % vs (8.2±4.5) %, P=0.028〕 and HVS〔 (48.7±20.4) vs (32.5±20.8), P<0.001〕 in TIR<85% group were both significantly higher than those in TIR≥85% group. Pearson correlation analysis suggested that TIR showed a significant linear negative correlation with CV of HbA_1c (r=-0.239, P<0.001) or HVS (r=-0.400, P<0.001). Multiple linear regression analysis indicated that TIR had an impact on long-term CV of HbA_1c〔b (95%CI) =-0.07 (-0.12, -0.03), P<0.05〕or HVS〔b (95%CI) =-0.44 (-0.67, -0.21), P<0.05〕after adjusting for confounding factors.

TIR was independently associated with long-term CV of HbA_1c or HVS in elderly male patients with type 2 diabetes. With the decrease of TIR, the long-term HbA_1c glycemic variability increased gradually during follow-up.

Oxidative stress and energy metabolism are important factors that affect sperm quality in male individuals. However, the majority of available studies are based on animal models, and evidence from human studies is still inadequate. Besides, most previous studies have paid more attention to the effects of oxidative stress and energy metabolism on sperm concentration and motility, with a little focus on their impact on sperm motility velocity and trajectory and other specific objective indicators evaluating the state of male infertility.

To investigate the effects of biological indicators related to oxidative stress and energy metabolism on sperm concentration, motility, movement velocity and trajectory in male adults, thus to provide epidemiological evidence for precise intervention of male reproductive health problems.

One hundred and nine volunteers were recruited as subjects from the Center of Reproductive Medicine in Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University from June to December 2021. Their semen samples were collected. The computer-assisted sperm analysis system was applied to detect sperm concentration parameters (sperm concentration, linear motion sperm concentration), sperm motility〔total sperm motility, progressive motility (PR), non-progressive motility (NP) 〕, sperm motility velocity parameters〔curvilinear velocity (VCL), straight-line velocity (VSL), average path velocity (VAP) 〕 and sperm motility trajectory parameters 〔mean amplitude of lateral head displacement (ALH), mean beat-cross frequency (BCF), mean angular displacement (MAD), linearity coefficient (LIN), wobble coefficient (WOB), straightness coefficient (STR) 〕. Besides that, the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and reduced glutathione (GSH) in semen samples were measured as oxidative stress markers, and the level of sperm adenosine triphosphate (ATP) was measured to assess the level of energy metabolism. General linear model (GLM) was used to evaluate the correlation of MDA and GSH and ATP with sperm quality parameters.

A total of 67 sperm samples were used to examine oxidative stress level, and 42 sperm samples were employed to assess the level of energy metabolism. The analysis using the GLM demonstrated that in terms of oxidative stress level, MDA level was negatively correlated with linear motion sperm concentration, total sperm motility, PR, NP, VCL, VSL, VAP, ALH, BCF, MAD, LIN, WOB, and STR (P<0.05) ; the level of GSH was positively correlated with linear motion sperm concentration, total sperm motility, PR, VSL, VAP, ALH, BCF, MAD, LIN, WOB, and STR (P<0.05). In terms of energy metabolism, the level of ATP was positively correlated with linear motion sperm concentration, total sperm motility, PR, NP, VCL, VSL, VAP, ALH, BCF, MAD, LIN, WOB, and STR (P<0.05) .

Higher level of oxidative stress is associated with lower sperm motility, lower velocity of sperm movements, and the adverse change in sperm trajectory. While higher ATP level is related to higher sperm motility, higher sperm movement velocity, and the favorable change of sperm trajectory.

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is an autosomal recessive genetic disease encompassing enzyme deficiencies in the process of adrenal steroidogenesis, which leads to adrenal cortex dysfunction. Hypersecretion of corticotrophin-releasing hormone and insufficient cortisol production often lead to enlarged adrenal glands. Existing studies have reported that most of space-occupying adrenal masses in CAH are benign, only very few are malignant. It is difficult for clinicians to distinguish the nature of space-occupying adrenal masses, and physicians have insufficient experiences in treating the disease. We reported a phenotypically male case of CAH with huge space-occupying adrenal masses and reviewed relevant literature, aiming to provide evidence on the diagnosis and treatment of this disease for clinicians. The space-occupying adrenal masses in CAH often show tumor-like hyperplasia before diagnosis and treatment or effective hormone replacement therapy, but most of them will be significantly reduced or disappear after glucocorticoid replacement therapy. But a follow-up of several years showed that space-occupying adrenal masses in the CAH patient encountered by us had no significant changes and no significant impact on the patient's body, even without effective drug intervention.

Chinese men who have sex with men (MSM) have a higher prevalence of depression than the general population. Long-term depression symptoms could increase the risk of having physical harm, self-harm and suicide. Therefore, depression issues among MSM need to be solved urgently.

To explore the latent classes of depression, and the influence of HIV-related knowledge and anticipated stigma on depression among MSM.

Usingthe General Information Questionnaire, HIV Knowledge Questionnaire, Anticipated HIV Stigma Scale and 10-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D-10) , an online questionnaire survey was conducted from December 2020 to March 2021 via the same-sex social network of Blued7.5. A total of 1396 MSM with HIVinfection or unclear status of HIVinfection were sampled by use of convenience sampling to attend the survey. The latent classes of depressive symptoms were analyzed by latent class analysis. Multinomial Logistic regression analysis was used to explore the correlation of the latent class of depression with HIV-related knowledge or anticipated HIV stigma.

Finally, 1 394 cases (99.9%.) who returned responsive questionnaires were included. The 10 items of CES-D-10 were taken as observed indicators, and exploratory latent class analysis was employed to identify the latent classes of depression based on model from 1 to 5 classes. The 4-class model was finally selected, and the probabilities of each class were 40.1% (no obvious depression) , 21.6% (possible risk of depression) , 28.0% (possible mild depression) , and 10.3% (possible moderate to severe depression) . The accuracy of the classification was assessed by test for homogeneity according to the cut-off value of CES-D-10 (0=no depression, 1=depression) and the results of latent class analysis (0= no obvious depression and possible risk of depression, 1= possible mild depression and possible moderate to severe depression) , and the result showed that Kappa=0.735 (P<0.001) . Multinomial Logistic regression analysis indicated that a high level of HIV-related knowledge (OR=0.926, P=0.001) , undergraduate attainment or above (OR=0.642, P=0.003) were related to possible risk of depression. The anticipated HIV stigma (OR=1.594, P<0.001) and being married (OR=0.593, P=0.026) were related to possible mild depression. A high level of HIV-related knowledge (OR=0.935, P=0.026) , anticipated HIV stigma (OR=2.239, P<0.001) and no long-term employment (OR=1.518, P=0.045) were related to possible moderate to severe depression.

The depression in MSM population presented obvious category characteristics, which may be a new idea for tailoring interventions to depression in MSM. Relevant authorities may cooperate with social media to deliver interventions incorporated with HIV-related knowledge and anticipated HIV stigma to prevent and control the development of depression in MSM.

As life expectancy increases, the number of elderly patients with osteoporosis rises as well. Many factors affect the development of osteoporosis, and good physical fitness may contribute to having better social adaptability in older people. So it is very important to pay attention to osteoporosis and ensure physical fitness in this group.

To explore the factors associated with osteoporosis, and analyze physical fitness in elderly men, providing a theoretical basis for preventing osteoporosis, improving physical fitness and developing health management programs for this group.

This study was conducted from January 2018 to December 2020. A total of 250 elderly men who underwent bone mineral density (BMD) examination were selected from Health Management Center, Inner Mongolia People's Hospital, and divided into normal BMD, osteopenia and osteoporosis groups by BMD examination results. Data were collected, including baseline information, laboratory results, physical fitness test results〔 including muscular strength (number of elbow bending within 30 seconds, 30-second sit-to-stand test results) , flexibility (shoulder and arm stretches, sitting flexion test) , balance (stand on one foot with eyes closed) , aerobic capacity (2-minute step test) , agility/mobility (timed up go test with a minimal space of 2.5 meters) 〕.

Of the 250 subjects, 76 (30.4%) had normal BMD, 123 (49.2%) had osteopenia, and 51 (20.4%) had osteoporosis. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis demonstrated that abdomen circumference〔OR=0.710, 95%CI (0.566, 0.891) 〕, body mass index 〔OR=0.685, 95%CI (0.474, 0.990) 〕, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol〔OR=74.182, 95%CI (3.738, 1 472.125) 〕, 25 (OH) D₃〔OR=0.745, 95%CI (0.619, 0.897) 〕, and estradiol〔OR=0.784, 95%CI (0.665, 0.924) 〕were associated with osteoporosis in elderly men (P<0.05) . All the subjects successfully completed physical fitness tests, without adverse events. The number of repetitions of sit-to-stands within 30 seconds, results of shoulder and arm stretches, sitting flexion test, and 2-minute step test, duration for stand on one foot with eyes closed, as well as time used for timed up go test with a minimal space of 2.5 meters differed significantly across normal BMD, osteopenia and osteoporosis groups (P<0.05) . The number of elbow bending within 30 seconds showed no significant differences across the three groups (P>0.05) .

In elderly men, abdomen circumference, body mass index, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, 25 (OH) D₃, and estradiol may independently associated with osteoporosis. Physical fitness indices varied significantly by BMD, especially flexibility, balance, aerobic capacity and agility/mobility.