This article aims to help beginners in general practice and primary healthcare research clarify the standard operating procedures and understand that the "rigor" of case study is based on strict adherence to standard implementation procedures. The paper began with a literature review to sort out the development of case studies, overview the connotation, historical background, and applicable issues of case study. Then, the standard operational procedures of case study were introduced step by step, with specific examples to illustrate the application of case studies in general practice and primary healthcare. Step 1: plan initiation to determine whether to conduct a case study. Step 2: plan design to select appropriate cases and types of case study. Step 3: work preparation, researchers training and pilot study. Step 4: data collection to obtain data from multiple sources. Step 5: data analysis to obtain conclusions based on evidence. Step 6: report writing and communication with readers. Case study is suitable for addressing the "what" "how" and "why" questions in general practice and primary healthcare, with a broad application prospect.

本文旨在帮助全科医学和初级保健领域的案例研究初学者明确案例研究的标准操作步骤，理解案例研究的"严谨性"源于对标准实施程序的严格遵守。本文首先通过文献综述梳理案例研究的发展过程，概述案例研究内涵、历史背景和适用的问题。接着逐一讲解案例研究的标准操作步骤，并辅以具体实例，阐明案例研究在全科医学和初级保健领域的应用。步骤1：计划启动，确定是否进行案例研究；步骤2：方案设计，选择合适的案例及案例研究类型；步骤3：工作准备，开展培训与试验性研究；步骤4：资料收集，多来源获取资料。步骤5：资料分析，据实证得出结论。步骤6：报告撰写，与读者对话。案例研究适合解决全科医学和初级保健领域关于"是什么""怎么样""为什么"的问题，具有十分广阔的应用前景。